Dialysis solutions

Lactic acid Lactobacillus delbrueckii Rhizopus oryzae Calcium lactate is a convenient source of Ca for oral administration constituent of intraperitoneal dialysis solutions... 

Another indirect electrochemical heahng method involves the artificial kidney machine, with electrochemical regeneration of the dialysis solution. The common kidney machine is a dialyzer in which blood of the patient (who suffers from kiduey insufficiency) and a dialysis solution are pumped arouud iu two differeut loops, aud carbamide (urea), creatinine, and other metabolites are transferred by dialysis into the dialysis solution. For complete extraction of the metabolites, each hemodialysis session requires almost 200 L of this solution to be pumped through, so hemodialysis cau only be performed in a hospital setting. In machines equipped with electrochemical regeueratiou, the dialysis solutiou is ruu iu a closed loop, iucludiug au electrolyzer in which the carbamide is oxidized to nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The solution volume needed in this loop is rather small, so that portable kidney machines could become a reality. 

Aluminium is the most abundant element of the lithosphere. Although a large number of persons are exposed world-wide to Al, the incidence of pulmonary effects is low (Schaller et al. 1994). In the 1970 s the effect of Al appearing in dialysis solutions on the central nervous system has become weU known. Increased Al could also be detected in several brain regions of patients with Alzheimer s disease. For the determination in biological materials the most widely used method is GF-AAS. 

The sterile peritoneal dialysis solutions are infused continuously into the abdominal cavity, bathing the peritoneum, and are then continuously withdrawn. The purpose of peritoneal dialysis is to remove toxic substances from the body or to aid and accelerate the excretion function normal to the kidneys. The process is employed to counteract some forms of drug or chemical toxicity as well as to treat acute renal insufficiency. Peritoneal dialysis solutions contain glucose and have an ionic content similar to normal extracellular fluid. Toxins and metabolites diffuse into the circulating dialysis... 

Quantification of alkali metals in alkali metal salts, infusion and dialysis solutions. 

AES is used in pharmacopoeial assays of (1) Na in albumin solution and plasma protein solution (2) K, Na and barium (Ba) in calcium acetate used to prepare dialysis solutions (3) Ca in adsorbed vaccines (e.g. diphtheria and tetanus). 

The dialysis solution was diluted from 5 to 250 ml before analysis of Ca... 

Icodextrin peritoneal dialysis solution For peritoneal dialysis... 

Perhaps the most important medical use of dialysis is in artificial kidney machines, where hemodialysis is used to cleanse the blood of patients whose kidneys have malfunctioned. Blood is diverted from the body and pumped through a cellophane dialysis tube suspended in a solution formulated to contain many of the same components as blood plasma. These substances—glucose, NaCl, NaHC03, and KC1—have the same concentrations in the dialysis solution as they do in blood, so that they have no net passage through the cellophane membrane. 

With this wheat germ cell-free system, the translation reaction proceeds over a week, when mRNA is supplied and the dialysis buffer is changed every 2 d. If much more protein is needed, continue the translation reaction. Some antibiotics may be added to the dialysis solution in order to avoid bacterial contamination. 

Dialysis has been applied to the preparation of a wide range of sample types, ranging from foodstuffs to physiological fluids. Membrane-based sample preparations for chromatography have been reviewed by Van de Merbel et al.60 In ordinary dialysis, solutes are transferred from a concentrated to a more dilute solution as a consequence of the concentration gradient. 

In hemodialysis, blood from the patient flows on one side of a membrane and a specially prepared dialysis solution is fed to the other side. Waste material in the blood such as urea, excess acids, and electrolytes diffuse into the dialysate the blood is then returned to the patient, as shown in Fig. 48. A patient typically undergoes dialysis three times per week in sessions lasting several hours each. Modern dialysis systems combine sophisticated monitoring and control functions to ensure safe operation. Regenerated cellulose was the first material used in hemodialysis membranes because of its biocompatibility and low cost it remains the most popular choice. Subsequently, high-permeability dialysis membranes derived from cellulose esters, modified polysulfone, or polyacrylonitrile copolymers have also gained wide acceptance because of the shorter sessions they make possible. 

Giant and atypical mesothelial cells can develop in the peritoneum in response to irritation caused by peritoneal dialysis solutions. Mesothelial hyperplasia without an increase in mesothelial cell size, cytological atypia in mesothelial cells, polynucleate cells with nucleoles, and enlarged mesothelial cells with a flat small nucleus and without evident nucleoles have all been described (5). These giant cells are not found unless there is peritonitis. During peritonitis mesothelial cells detach en masse from the basal lamina. 

Jorres A, Williams JD, Topley N. Peritoneal dialysis solution biocompatibility inhibitory mechanisms and recent studies with bicarbonate-buffered solutions. Perit Dial Int 1997 I7(Suppl 2) S42-6. 

Halsby SF, Mattocks AM. Absorption of sodium bisulfite from peritoneal dialysis solutions. J Pharm Sci 1965 54 52-55. 

EN98 Gomez, F., Karcher, R. and Sykes, E. (1992). Dextrose interference in protein determination of peritoneal dialysis solutions. Clin. Chem. 39, 1025, Abstr. 388. 

Indications Peritoneal dialysis (continuous, ambulatory) Category Dialysis solution Half-life N/A... 

Disodium edetate has the structure shown in Figure 6.5 and ionises with the release of two H+ ions. For this reason, compleximetric titrations involving disodium edetate require an alkaline pH and a buffer to ensure that the released protons do not lower the pH. The usual buffer is ammonia solution, which buffers to around pH 10. Careful choice of buffer conditions can allow the assay of several different metal ions in the same sample for example, in the assay of Intraperitoneal Dialysis Solution BPC, both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are assayed by titration with 0.02 m disodium edetate. 

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