Metallic substance

Historically an earth was a non-metallic substance, nearly insoluble in water and unchanged on heating. The alkaline earth oxides, e.g. CaO, have an alkaline reaction in addition to being clearly earths . 

M. Kharasch and O. Reinmuth, Grignard Reactions ofNon-Metallic Substances, Prentice Hall, New York, 1954. 

Dithionites. Although the free-dithionous acid, H2S2O4, has never been isolated, the salts of the acid, in particular zinc [7779-86-4] and sodium dithionite [7775-14-6] have been prepared and are widely used as industrial reducing agents. The dithionite salts can be prepared by the reaction of sodium formate with sodium hydroxide and sulfur dioxide or by the reduction of sulfites, bisulfites, and sulfur dioxide with metallic substances such as zinc, iron, or zinc or sodium amalgams, or by electrolytic reduction (147). 

Properties of the deposits Almost any material which can be melted is suitable for plasma spraying, giving a vast range of possible coatings of single or mixed metallic or non-metallic substances. It is often possible to produce types of coatings which are not obtainable in any other way. Typical of the materials which are plasma sprayed are copper, nickel, tantalum, molybdenum. Stellites, alumina, zirconia, tungsten and boron carbides, and stainless steels. 

Wc have seen that molecular substances tend to have low melting points, while network, ionic, and metallic substances tend to have high melting points. Therefore, with a few exceptions, such as mercury, a substance that is liquid at room temperature is likely to he a molecular substance. Liquid solvents are heavily used in industry to extract substances from natural products and ro promote the synthesis of desired compounds. Because many of these solvents have high vapor pressures and so give off hazardous fumes, luinids that have low vapor pressures hut dissolve... 

The term heavy metals is rather broad, relative, and nonspecific. There are many heavy metals. In industrial toxicology, however, the term is used to describe certain heavy metallic substances that can be distinguished from other metals because of their particular toxic effects. Of these, the most common are arsenic, lead, and mercury. These are the ones that will be dealt with here. 

As the physician purges and cleanses the inward parts of the body, and removes all unhealthy matter by means of his medicines, so our metallic substances must be purified and refined of all foreign matter, in order to ensure the success of our task. Therefore, our Masters require a pure, immaculate body, that is untainted with any foreign admixture, which admixture is the leprosy of our metals. 

Iridium is a hard, brittle, white, metallic substance that is almost impossible to machine. It is neither ductile nor malleable. Iridium will only oxidi2e at high temperatures and is the most corrosive-resistant metal known. This is why it was used to make the standard meter bar that is an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. 

Grignard Reactions ofNon-Metallic Substances, Kharasch, M. S. and Reinmuth, O., London, Constable, 1954... 

The reliable experimental information on the absolute scale and thermal vibrations of beryllium metal made it possible to analyze the effect of the model on the least-squares scale factor, and test for a possible expansion of the 1 s core electron shell. The 0.03 A y-ray structure factors were found to be 0.7% lower than the LH data, when the scale factor from a high-order refinement (sin 6/X) > 0.65 A l) is applied. Larsen and Hansen (1984) conclude that because of the delocalization of the valence electrons, it is doubtful that diffraction data from a metallic substance can be determined reliably by high-order refinement, even with very high sin 0/X cut-off values. This conclusion, while valid for the lighter main-group metals, may not fully apply to metals of the transition elements, which have much heavier cores and show more directional bonding. 

Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems Adams, Chapman, editors 2006... 

Most of his scientific research was done during the decade 1796 to 1806. His first paper in the Philosophical Transactions described his analysis of the Carinthian lead molybdate (4). The celebrated Scheele, said he, in 1778 read before the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm an essay in which he proved. . . that the mineral called Molybdaena was composed of sulfur and a peculiar metallic substance, which, like arsenic and tungsten, was liable by super-oxygenation to be converted into a metallic acid which in its properties differed from any other that had been previously discovered. Hatchett mentioned the confirmatory researches of B. Pelletier, P. J. Hjelm, and Mr. Islmann [J. C. Ilsemann], and added But the existence of this substance was known to be only in that mineral which Scheele had examined. This lead mineral from Carinthia had been described by the Abbe F. X. Wulfen and by N. J. Jacquin. For several years it was believed to be lead tungstate, but Klaproth proved it to be lead molybdate. Since Klaproth had had an insufficient amount of the mineral, Hatchett made a complete analysis of it and investigated the properties of molybdic add. 

Lewis, William, Experimental examination of a white metallic substance... 

Whenever [said he] no name can be found for a new fossil which indicates its peculiar and characteristic properties (in which situation I find myself at present), I think it best to choose such a denomination as means nothing oi itself, and thus can give no rise to any erroneous ideas. In consequence of this, as I did in the case of uranium, I shall borrow the name for this metallic substance from mythology, and in particular from the Titans, the first sons of the earth. I therefore call this new metallic genus Titanium (8, 9). 

Berzelius heated a mixture of silica, iron, and carbon to a very high temperature, and obtained iron silicide. When he decomposed this with hydrochloric acid, silica was precipitated, and the amount of hydrogen evolved was in excess of the iron, indicating that some other metal must have been present (9). Berzelius finally showed in 1824 that this other seemingly metallic substance was derived from the silica, and succeeded in preparing the amorphous form of it by two methods. In the first of... 

I call a neutral salt every salt formed by the union of whatever acid, whether vegetable or mineral, with a fixed or a volatile alkali, an ab-sorbant earth, a metallic substance, or an oil. ... 

In this view common sulfur, alum, and the vitriols are products of that universal acid trickling down through the earth to form various bodies in the many matrices or wombs to be found there. In a sense, common sulfur has the same compositional structure as the neutral salts, viz., an acid joined to an oily body that gives it solid form. This pattern survives in Rouelles classic definition of neutral salt in 1744, when he said I call a neutral salt every salt formed by the union of whatever acid, whether vegetable or mineral, with a fixed or a volatile alkali, an absorbant earth, a metallic substance, or an oil. ... 

We have here the most complete proof, that chemistry can afford, of the decomposition and recomposition of air, from whence it evidently results, 1st. that V6 of the air which we breathe, are mephitic, or incapable of supporting the respiration of animals, or the inflammation and combustion of bodies zdly. that the surplus, or V6 only of the volume of atmospheric air, is respirable 3dly. that, in the calcination of mercury, this metallic substance absorbs the salubrious part, leaving only the mephitic portion of the air 4thly. that by reuniting these two portions which had been separated, we can recompound air, similar to that of the atmosphere. 

Specifications are important to ensure proper selection of materials and serve as a reference for system qualification and maintenance. Information such as mill reports for stainless steel and reports of composition, ratings, and material handling capabilities for non-metallic substances should be reviewed for suitability and retained for reference. 

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