Source Reduction Alternatives

Source reduction measures for tires include the following  

Great strides have been made in the last 40 years in tire manufacturing that have more than doubled the useful life of tires. Forty thousand mile tires are commonplace, and 60,000 to 80,000 mile lifetimes are often achieved. Constraints of cost, fuel consumption, and comfortable rides, make it unlikely that any major design changes will occur in the near future that will significantly increase tire life. 

Frequently, when one or two tires of a set are worn, the entire set is replaced with new tires. Useful tread may remain on several of the remaining tires. These tires are often sold for second cars or farm equipment. About 10 million tires per year are currently being reused. Although the reuse of partially-worn tires cannot be expected to solve the tire problem, reuse could potentially double based on the number of good tires currently thrown away. 

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Citizens can be educated regarding source reduction alternatives such as caring properly for tires and using retread tires. Both governments and companies operating fleets of vehicles can be encouraged similarly. Federal procurement guidelines for retreaded tires, described above, address this issue. 

It would obviously be desirable to eliminate the generation of waste. Practical alternatives are to minimize it by reduction at source or to recycle it. Table 16.7 illustrates the hierarchy of waste minimization practices. Source reduction includes increased process efficiency economies in the use of energy are also relevant, e.g. it may result in a decrease in the consumption of fossil fuels ... 

Hydrogen atom transfer implies the transfer of hydrogen atoms from the chain carrier, which is the stereo-determining step in enantioselective hydrogen atom transfer reactions. These reactions are often employed as a functional group interconversion step in the synthesis of many natural products wherein an alkyl iodide or alkyl bromide is converted into an alkane, which, in simple terms, is defined as reduction [ 19,20 ]. Most of these reactions can be classified as diastereoselective in that the selectivity arises from the substrate. Enantioselective H-atom transfer reactions can be performed in two distinct ways (1) by H-atom transfer from an achiral reductant to a radical complexed to a chiral source or alternatively (2) by H-atom transfer from a chiral reductant to a radical. 

This study identifies and examines source reduction, recycling, and treatment strategies for reducing California s metal-bearing waste streams. All of the strategies examined are alternatives to land disposal of the wastes. The methodologies stressed in the report are those that prevent the generation of hazardous wastes. Pollution prevention is preferable to "end-of-the-pipe treatment or recovery. 

The checklist is divided into three areas 1) Material Storage and Handling, 2) Production Processes and 3) Treatment Alternatives. Material degradation, samples, spills, storage, and inspections are addressed in the first section. Production processes include source reduction for process bath solutions and rinse systems, resource recovery and recycling, and solvent management. Treatment Alternatives focuses on process water pretreatment, modification of conventional wastewater treatment, and alternative waste treatment methods. Each of these subsections follow the question and answer format. 

This factor is used to categorize the option within the waste reduction hierarchal structure. The preferred hierarchy is source reduction, resource recovery and recycling, and alternative treatment (The fact sheet on waste reduction for metal finishers can help identify an option s place within the hierarchy.) Each category or level has a point value assigned to it. The six levels are ... 

The WRH in column one has been completed by the authors for each option. If you have an option that is not included in the list of options you may add it to the list and assign it an appropriate WRH value. Source reduction has the greatest point value because source reduction is usually the easiest and cheapest methods of waste reduction to implement. Treatment, on the other hand, is on the lower end of the scale and is considered to be the least desirable option. Treatment is discouraged as the first alternative in hazardous waste management. These point values are selected by the authors. If you feel that they should be modified you should feel free to change them when you use the WRAM. 

Sellers, Veronica R. 19B6. "Waste Management Alternatives for Electroplating and Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Operations." 4th Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Source Reduction Conference Proceedings. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, Boston, Massachusetts. 

This book analyzes alternatives to land disposal of hazardous metal waste streams, focusing on methods that prevent waste generation. Source reduction, recycling, and treatment strategies are examined. 

To implement safety measures, the potential rupture area should be vented directly into a hood or a duct to capture any leakage in the event of a rupture. Another alternative is input substitution, a source reduction measure. Input substitution is the replacement of the material in the reactor with material with a lower vapor pressure. 

Farris, C.A., Podall, H.E., and Anastas, P.T., Alternative Syntheses and Other Source Reduction Opportunities for Premanufacture Notification Substances at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in Benign by Design, Alternative Synthetic Design for Pollution Prevention, Anastas, P.T. and Farris, C.A., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994, 156. 

Source reduction, recycling, and alternatives to land disposal leader s training guide included. 

Alkenylation of aldehydes. Alkenylchromium(III) species are generated by the electrochemical reaction of CrCl2-NiBr2 with alkenyl bromides in DMF. Their reaction with ArCHO in the presence of Me SiCl gives silyl ethers of allylic alcohols. Instead of electrochemical reduction, aluminum can be employed as the electron source. An alternative promoter is tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene. ... 

Alternative Syntheses and Other Source Reduction Opportunities for Premanufacture Notification Substances at the U.S. Environmental Protection ency... 

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