Seeking alternatives

To form a peptide bond between two suitably protected ammo acids the free carboxyl group of one of them must be activated so that it is a reactive acylatmg agent The most familiar acylatmg agents are acyl chlorides and they were once extensively used to couple ammo acids Certain drawbacks to this approach however led chemists to seek alternative methods... 

Seek alternatives to chlorine for water treatment and disinfecting applications. For example, sodium hypochlorite has been used both in industrial and municipal water treatment applications (Somerville, 1990). Other alternatives include calcium hypochlorite, ozone, ultraviolet radiation and heat treatment (Negron, 1994 Mizerek, 1996). 

The manufacturers and their suppliers are actively seeking alternatives, and some CFC-free polyurethane is already appearing on the market. However, these new products do not have such good insulating properties (thermal conductivity of the order of 0.03 W/mK is being quoted, as against the 0.02/0.025 W/mK of the originals). 

Cost Cost of any task of project may exceed budget. When purchase agreements are made. First, seek alternative suppliers, then, consider alternative materials. 

Seek alternative sources When a supplier can t deliver within budget or schedule, look for others who can. You may choose to accept a substitute rather than seek other sources. X X... 

Considering the concerns of consumers for synthetic colorants and interest in natural formulas, many food manufacturers seek alternative healthy solutions to replace colorants, even the regulated ones from positive lists (like p-carotene), with colored fruit and vegetable extracts to be used as functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals (food supplements). ... 

Just as TCM, all of the other complementary medicines work mainly in those areas where modern medicine can not produce remarkable or immediate efficacy, such as immunological disease, degenerative diseases, cancer, and mental disorders. Few people will seek alternative resolutions for diseases in which effective treatment is already available, even in the places where complementary medicine is very popular. 

Teaching Your Client How to Shape Personal Behavior and Seek Alternative Activities... 

The total number of visits to alternative medicine practitioners had increased by 47% across the seven-year span, and the majority of consumers ( 60%) paid for these therapies at their own expense. The 1990 survey found that people made an average of 19 visits per year to an alternative medicine practitioner, with the average charge per visit at 27.60 (Eisenberg et al. 1993). A conservative estimate of the cost for all these therapies in 1997 was 21.2 billion, with 12.2 billion paid out of pocket (Eisenberg et al. 1998). To put this in perspective, this amount exceeds out-of-pocket expenditures for all U.S. hospitalizations in 1997. The authors conclude that the increase constitutes a greater number of people seeking alternative therapies, rather than just an increased number of visits per patient. 

In this context, judging the qualifications of an alternative medicine practitioner can be difficult— there are no universally accepted guidelines. Some states require licensing of alternative medicine practitioners (e.g., acupuncturists, naturopathic herbalists), and licensure is often used by courts to establish school-specific standards of care. In cases where no licensing exists, courts apply conventional medical or lay standards of care. Eisenberg (1997) has proposed strategies for physicians in guiding patients who seek alternative medical treatment. 

Eisenberg DM. (1997). Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies. Ann Intern Med. 127(1) 61-69. 

The acceptance of the Substitution Principle as a workable legal act was demonstrated in a European Court of Justice (ECJ) court case in 2000. Trichloroethylene (TRI), a cancer-causing chemical, was banned in Sweden and companies had to find alternatives. Exemptions were only given when a suitable alternative was not available, when use did not lead to unacceptable exposure and on the condition that the company continued to seek alternatives. Forthe majority of exemptions, the firms had managed to substitute TRI in most of their production, but had not found a suitable alternative for a specific use in the production process. One firm appealed against the ban, but the European Court of Justice ruled against them. The ECJ ruling demonstrates acceptance of the Substitution Principle in EU courts. 

Apple does not use brominated flame retardants in the enclosure plastics of its products and is actively seeking alternatives to brominated flame retardants in circuit boards. 

Hypnotic Short-term treatment of insomnia, because barbiturates appear to lose their effectiveness in sleep induction and maintenance after 2 weeks. If insomnia persists, seek alternative therapy (including nondrug) for chronic insomnia. Preanesthetic Used as preanesthetic sedatives. 

Stylosanthes hamata and scabra, which are highly productive and nutritious species of tropical pasture legumes, are covered with glandular trlchomes. The trlchomes secrete a viscous secretion that immediately Immobilize larvae of the cattle tick, Boophllus mlcroplus (39). Ticks have a natural tendency to climb plants, and wait for a host animal. The secretion has no repellant properties, so that ticks do not attempt to seek alternative plants. In addition to Immobilizing the larvae, the plants produce an unidentified volatile compound(s) that poison the larvae, within 24 hours. 

The staff of the Technology Clearinghouse Unit believes that a well-informed industrial sector, which is aware of the regulatory requirements, the waste reduction opportunities, and the economic benefits of waste reduction will actively seek alternatives to land disposal of hazardous wastes. 

However, these potentials do not yet express the second law in the form most convenient for chemical applications. Open laboratory vessels exposed to the temperature and pressure of the surroundings are subject neither to constraints of isolation (as required for entropy maximization) nor to adiabatic constant-volume conditions (as required for energy minimization). Hence, we seek alternative thermodynamic potentials that express the criteria for equilibrium under more general conditions. 

Since the first introduction of insulin to treat diabetic patients in 1923, much effort has been made to seek alternative convenient and painless routes for insulin administration instead of daily injections. In this respect the pulmonary route has received the most attention, and substantial evidence has shown inhaled insulin to be an effective, well-tolerated, noninvasive alternative route [53-56]. Insulin therapy is required for patients with type 1 diabetes. Although some patients with type 2 diabetes can control their disease with oral antidiabetics, many will eventually also require insulin. Thus, inhaled insulin shows promise for type 2 diabetic patients [54, 56]. There are two principal inhalation systems for insulin, namely aqueous solution and dry powder. The dry powder form (Exubera ) has been approved by FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) in January 2006. 

Independently minded. Creative people especially like to challenge the accepted norms and to seek alternatives. 

For about a decade (particularly in the Carter presidency) it was public policy to seek alternative energy sources, and the supply of research funds for photoelectrochemistry was significant. However, President Reagan appointed an ex-dentist as head of the U.S. Department of Energy. More widespread drilling for oil was recommended. Funds for renewable research work were cut by about 90%. 

As is well known, CASSCF wavefunctions are invariant to general (i.e. nonunitary) linear transformations of the active orbitals. As such, we may seek alternative, but equivalent, representations in which a small number of configurations are dominant. This is achieved in our case by means of efficient computational schemes for carrying out exactly the transformations of full-CI spaces induced by nonunitary transformations of orbital spaces [9]. 

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