Infants birth weight

Hulse GK, Milne E, English DR, Holman CD. (1997). The relationship between maternal use of heroin and methadone and infant birth weight. Addiction. 92(11) 1571-79. 

Nicotine also affects the developing fetus. Adverse effects of chronic nicotine consumption during pregnancy include reduced infant birth weight, attention deficit disorders, and other cognitive problems. Nicotine receptors are expressed early during development, and it is not clear what other effects nicotine exposure during development has on the fetus. 

Wang X, Zuckerman B, Pearson C, Kaufman G, Wang G, Niu T, Wise PH, Bauchner H, Xu X (2002) Maternal cigarette smoking, metabolic gene polymorphism, and infant birth weight. JAMA, 287 195-202. 

Reduced infant birth weight has been reported in khat-using mothers (1). 

Astone, N. M., Misra, D., Lynch, C. (2007). The effect of maternal socio-economic status throughout the lifespan on infant birth-weight. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 21 310—318. 

Zota AR, Ettinger AS, Bouchard M, Anarasiriwardena CJ, Schwartz J, Hu H, Wright RO. Maternal blood manganese levels and infant birth weight. Epidemiology 2009 20(3) 367-73. 

Braun JM, Daniels JL, Poole C et al (2010a) A prospective cohort study of biomarkers of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure the correlation between serum and meconium and their association with infant birth weight. Environ Health 9(53) 1-11... 

There have been few studies on the fetal toxicity of Cd transported across the placenta, which acts as a barrier to Cd. Nevertheless, a small amount may reach the fetus. Cd is also transferred to neonates through lactation. Maternal hypertension and decrease in birth weight have been associated with elevated levels of Cd in the neonate [155]. A depletion of zinc with increasing number of births and a progressive increase in Cd in smokers negatively affect infant birth weight [156]. Moreover, Marlowe et al. [157] found an association between mental retardation and raised concentrations of Cd in hair in school age children. But overall, there is no substantial evidence that Cd has caused teratogenic effects in humans. 

Figure 5 The dose-effect relationship between maternal blood lead concentration and infant birth weight after controlling for significant covariates and confounders.

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in animals are numerous and vary from species to species (13). Although the deficiency of the vitamin can affect different tissue types such as reproductive, gastrointestinal, vascular, neural, hepatic, and optic in a variety of species such as pigs, rats, mice, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, monkeys, and sheep, it is generally found that necrotizing myopathy is relatively common to most species. In humans, vitamin E deficiency can result from poor fat absorption in adults and children. Infants, especially those with low birth weights, typically have a vitamin E deficiency which can easily be corrected by supplements. This deficiency can lead to symptoms such as hemolytic anemia, reduction in red blood cell lifetimes, retinopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. 

True. Nicotine, carbon monoxide and other harmful chemicals from the burning tobacco travel in the mother s bloodstream and can reach the foetus. This can result in impaired development and reduced birth weight. Tobacco smoke can also be harmful to young children and babies (sudden infant death syndrome). 

Urinary candidiasis Fluconazole 200 mg IV or PO for 7-14 days OR Amphotericin B 0.3 mg/kg per day IV for 1-7 days Asymptomatic candiduria does not required therapy However, treatment is recommended in neutropenic, low-birth-weight infants, and patients undergoing urologic manipulations or those with renal allografts Amphotericin B bladder irrigation no longer recommended... 

The lower birth weight of infants of mothers who consume 300 mg or more of caffeine per day is due entirely to retarded fetal growth. There is no evidence that premature labor and delivery are associated with caffeine during pregnancy. 

Many of these reactions are related to the quantity of excipient found in a dosage form. Benzyl alcohol benzalkonium chloride, propylene glycol, lactose, and polysorbates are all associated with dose-related toxic reactions [52-54], Large-volume parenterals containing 1.5% benzyl alcohol as a preservative have caused metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, and death in low birth weight premature neonates and infants. The cumulative dose of benzyl alcohol ranged from 99 to 234 mg/kg per day in these patients [55,56], Dose-related adverse effects to excipients are of particular concern in the preterm, low birth weight infant because... 

J. Glazer, M. Danish, S. Plotkin, and S. Yaffe, Disposition of chloramphenicol in low birth weight infant, Pediatrics, 66, 573 (1980). 

Patients at high risk for dissemination include neutropenic patients, low-birth-weight infants, patients with renal allografts, and patients who will undergo urologic manipulation. 

Complications Epididymitis and chronic prostatitis (uncommon) Male infertility (decreased sperm motility and viability) Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated complications (i.e., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) Premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, and low-birth-weight infants (risk of neonatal infections is low) Cervical neoplasia... 

No major teratogenic effects have been identified with the SSRIs or TCAs. However, evaluations to date suggest a possible association of fluoxetine with low birth weight and respiratory distress. Another study reported a sixfold greater likelihood of the occurrence of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn infants exposed to an SSRI after the twentieth week of gestation. 

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