Technology Description

A key element of any technology opportunity assessment is the description of the technology. In doing so you need to cover the following elements  

The current stage of development of the technology and additional work required to commercialization 

Implementation or production of technology Each of these is briefly considered. 

Type of Opportunity By type of opportunity, the reader of tlie TOA wants to know whether the opportunity is 

An internal opportunity is one where internal processes or procedures in an 

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Most reactors have evolved from concentrated efforts focused on one type of reactor. Some processes have emerged from parallel developments using markedly different reactor types. In most cases, the reactor selected for laboratory study has become the reactor type used industrially because further development usually favors extending this technology. Descriptions of some industrially important petrochemical processes and their reactors are available (74—76). Following are illustrative examples of reactor usage, classified according to reactor type. 

Prevention and Control Hardware Equipment and technology descriptions Dry and wet control hardware NO, control and application of pollution prevention technologies Flue gas scrubbing and control technologies Incineration and high temperature technologies... 

Technique Technology Description Utilization at Hazardous Waste Sites Limitation on Application... 

Technology Description Neutralization is a process used to treat acids or alkalis (bases) in order to reduce their reactivity or corrosiveness. Neutralization can be an inexpensive treatment if waste alkali can be used to treat waste acid and vice versa. Typical neutralizing reagents include ... 

Technology Description To achieve precipitation, acid or base is added to a solution to adjust the pH to a point where the constituents to be removed have their lowest solubility. Chemical precipitation facilitates the removal of dissolved metals from aqueous wastes. Metals may be precipitated from solutions as hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates, or other soluble salts. A comparison of precipitation reagents is presented in Table 7. Solid separation is effected by standard flocculation/ coagulation techniques. 

Technology Description Oxidation processes involve the conversion of organics to CO2, H2O, HCl, NO2 and SO3 or the conversion of inorganics to a more desirable form. For both organic and inorganic wastes, the function of chemical oxidation is to... 

Technology Description The function of reduction processes is to convert inorganics to a less toxic and/or more easily treated form. It also serves as a pretreatment step for inorganics in which chemical precipitation is used to remove the metal hydroxide from solution. 

Technology Description Hydrolysis is the process of breaking a bond in a molecule (which is ordinarily not water-soluble) so that it will go into ionic solution with water. Hydrolysis can be achieved by the addition of chemicals (e.g., acid hydrolysis), by irradiation (e.g., photolysis) or by biological action (e.g., enzymatic bond cleavage). The cloven molecule can then be further treated by other means to reduce toxicity. 

Technology Description In-situ chemical treatment uses the same principles employed for above-ground chemical processes. Materials are added to neutralize, oxidize or remove contaminants in groundwater or soils in order to avoid digging or pumping of the contaminated waste above ground for... 

Technology Description Hybrid reactors, as the name implies, are a combination of suspended growth and fixed-film reactor principles. In these systems, the fixed film is submerged and the reactor contents are continuously stirred. A large amount of biomass is maintained in the system. 

Technology Description Fluidized bed incinerators utilize a very turbulent bed of inert granular material (usually sand) to improve the transfer of heat to the waste streams to be incinerated. Air is blown through the granular bed materials until they are "suspended" and able to move and mix in a manner similar to a fluid, i.e., they are "fluidized".In this manner, the heated bed particles come in intimate contact with the wastes being burned. The process requires that the waste be fed into multiple injection ports for successful treatment. Advantages... 

Technology Description Infrared radiators can be used as the heat source in the destruction of hazardous waste. This system (Figure 35) is made up of a primary chamber consisting of a rectangular carbon steel box lined with layers of a light weight. 

Technology Description Waste solidification techniques based on lime products usually depiend on the reaction of lime with a fine-grained silica... 

Technology Descriptions The use of thermoplastic solidification systems in radioactive waste disposal has led to the development of waste containment systems that can be adapted to industrial waste. In processing radioactive waste with bitumen or other thermoplastic material (such as paraffin or polyethylene), the waste is dried, heated and dispersed through a heated, plastic matrix. The mixture is then cooled to solidify the mass. 

Fuel Processing Technology Descriptions Fuel Conversion Description... 

Chapter 11, Mass Spectrometry for Security Screening of Explosives This chapter is a little different from the other technology descriptions since it describes systems that are not portable. These are systems used to locate explosives in containers, or on personnel, that pass by a fixed point. The chapter also compares the features of mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) that often cause systems developers to choose one or the other for a specific application. 

Complete bibliographic citations for these references can be found on the CDROM that accompanies the book. The following abbreviations are used throughout the references CS = cost summaries TC = technology costs GS = general studies TD = technology descriptions. 

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