Adjuvants insecticides

Herbicide I = Insecticide M = Molluscicide N = Nematocide F = Fungicide, P = plant growth regulator AD = Adjuvant AC = Acaricide. 

The two naturally occurring drug and insecticide adjuvants, sesamin and sesamolin from sesame oil, were found to posses modest juvenile hormone activity and served as models for the design of the first aromatic juvenile hormone analogs (12. 13.). 

Bee hazard of methyl parathion, 11(6-67 reduction by adjuvants, 11(6-67 Bee hives, insecticide contamination, 1i(2-ilil Bee toxicity, insecticide-treated fields, 1i(i(-i(6... 

Flexibility of Use. Products based on Bt have been successfully incorporated into pest management programs in agriculture, forestry and vector control. This is largely due to the fact that the Bt delta endotoxin and spores are relatively stable when tank mixed with conventionally used fungicides, insecticides and spray adjuvants. In addition, most commercial Bt formulations have been designed to optimize shelf life, as well as physical compatibility with other agricultural chemicals and application systems. 

Table 6.5 shows droplet size data obtained in a wind tunnel with a commercial insecticide formulation, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) formulation of endosulfan. The formulation, mixture and any added adjuvants can have a significant effect upon droplet production, and should be evaluated where specific spectra are required. 

Petroleum oils (fungicide, acaricide, insecticide, adjuvant), c.1922 - but a range of modern products now available 1-22.51/ha IV Moderate... 

All of these avenues - use of kairomone attractant, and spray adjuvant, phenolic antioxidants, and other factors that reduce aflatoxin biosynthesis - have the same potential result, to reduce aflatoxin levels in commercial nuts so as to preserve traditional markets and keep the products safe as well as healthy for consumers, and do so without, or with minimal use of synthetic insecticide and fungicides. 

The enol compound 44 also exhibited activity against aphids, but once penetrated into the plant it does not need a further conversion in planta such as spirotetramat 32, which in leaves will be readily transformed to its enol form 44. Spirotetramat 32 can be considered as a pro-insecticide and its above-mentioned systemic properties can be significantly improved by the co-application of an adjuvant, e.g., rape oil methyl-ester (Fig. 28.4.7). Figure 28.4.7 clearly shows that... 

Uses Emulsifier, detergent, dispersant, wetting agent for solv. cleaners, metal cleaners, dry cleaning, insecticides, paints/coatings, paper and textile processing defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles food pkg. adhesives adjuvant for pesticide use dilutions... 

Uses Prod, of chlorodifluoromethane (a refrigerant and propellant), fluorocarbon plastics extraction solvent for pharmaceuticals, nat. oils solvent for perfume analytical chemistry intermediate in prep, of dyes, drugs, pesticides fumigant insecticides ingred. in drugs and cosmetics preservative, solvent, flavor in pharmaceuticals in food-pkg. adhesives adjuvant for PC food-pkg. resins Features Sweet pleasant flavor... 

Uses Insecticide antioxidant, stabilizer for plastics and solid rocket propellants antioxidant for lubricants rubber antioxidant and accelerator mfg. of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, and dyes veterinary medicine storage preservation of apples stabilizer for nitrocellulose analytical chemistry antioxidant for fatty-based coating adjuvants in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty/dry foods... 

Adjuvants are most often nsed with herbicides, but they are also used with selected insecticides and fungicides. The adjuvants conunonly in use include surfactants, oils, solvents, polymers, foams, salts, and photo protectants, as weU as combinations of these components. Adjuvants for herbicides delivered from water dilutions are most commonly nonionic surfactants and crop oil concentrates. Nonionic surfactants are added for wetting of the leaf surfaces, and the crop oil concentrates are added as penetration enhancers. Organosilicone surfactants have been shown to enhance the availability of several pesticides. The silicone surfactants reduce the surface tension below 20 dyne/cm and are often referred to as super wetting surfactants. 

For the microbial insecticides having a peroral mode of action (bacteria, viruses, and microsporidia), both phagostimulants and UV protectants can be used to increase efficacy and residual activity. Commercial adjuvants such as molasses. Coax and Gustol acted as phagostimulants and UV protectants to Bt (7, 11) (Table 2). The use of the pregelatinized cornstarch Mirasperse , mixed with powdered sugar as an additive, improved rainfastness and residual activity 12). 

Ignoffo, C. M. Hostetter, D. H. Smith, D. B. Gustatory stimulant, sunlight protectant, evaporation retardant three characteristics of a microbial insecticide adjuvant. J. Econ. Entomol 1976,69,207-210. 

SSF technology can be applied to a wide range of pesticide materials, including herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. Surfactant chemistry can be used to optimize the formulation efficacy in the development of an herbicide SSF. Combination packs diat include both water-soluble and water-insoluble actives can also be developed. Formulation adjuvants such as oils or electrolytes can be incorporated into an SSF formulation to increase its biological activity. 

Methodologies most often used for formulation and application of viral insecticides are those developed for conventional chemical insecticides. Viral insecticides are most effectively formulated as wettable powders by lyophilization or spray dry methods. These formulations are best standardized using both counts of occluded virus particle concentration and bioassay activity. Viral insecticides are typically applied as sprays against larval pests of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (sawfly) using both aerial and ground equipment. Spray parameters for viral insecticides are not well understood and available equipment is not suitable for their most efficaceous use. Much of the research on virus application has been on development of adjuvants for tank mixtures to overcome problems with plant coverage and sunlight inactivation. 

Much of the effort on viral insecticide research has been aimed at the development of adjuvants to improve efficacy. Although some effort has been directed at incorporation of adjuvants into the basic formulation, a majority of effort has been with spray tank adjuvants. Materials to overcome the potential efficacy limiting characteristics of the virus (e.g. stability and coverage) have been targets of research. 

Formulation and initial placement influence the susceptibility of organophosphorus insecticides to transport in surface runoff, as well as their degradation by abiotic and microbial processes. Formulation affects the kinetics of insecticide release into soil water and overland flow, as well as sorption to soil solids and plant surfaces. Spray adjuvants affect initial placement by influencing the amount of insecticide depositing on foliar and soil surfaces. Initial placement determines the relative importance of such processes as volatilization, photolysis, biodegradation, and leaching out of the zone of interaction with overland flow. 

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