Safe product

A. W. Weinstein and co-workers. Products liability and the Keasonablj Safe Product, ]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1978. 

General Safety Aspects. Whereas cyanides have become infamous as poisons in part because of the use in prison execution chambers, Na2i death camps, and in over-the-counter dmg tampering cases, there is worldwide safe production of nearly one million t annually. 

Technical and trade organi2ations are concerned with safety and the environment. The Chlorine Institute in North America and Euro Chlor in Western Europe are examples of organi2ations dedicated to the safe production, transport, and use of chlorine. Ha2ard and operabiHty studies (HAZOP) reviews for new designs, plants, and expansions (135) have become required by poHcy in many operating companies. Papers on safety and environmental subjects are given at most technical meetings (136—138). 

The aim of a risk assessment is to develop a product which is safe for the proposed market. A safe product is any product which, under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of use, including duration, presents no risk or only the minimum risk compatible with the product s use and which is consistent with a high level of protection for consumers (DTI, 1994). In attempting to protect products against failure in service and, therefore, the user or environment, difficulty exists in ascertaining the... 

Parshall, D. R. (1989). Suggestions for Structuring the Product Design and Manufacturing Process to Help Create Safe Products and Reduce Litigation Risk. Hazard Prevention (April/June), 12-17. 

A trade association of companies that are involved or interested in the safe production, distribution and use of chlorine, sodium and potassium hydroxides, and sodium hypochlorite, and the distribution and use of hydrogen chloride. 

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a detailed information bulletin prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a chemical tliat describes tlie physical and healtli hazards, routes of exposure, precautions for safe handling and use, emergency and first-aid procedures, and control measures. Infonnation on an MSDS aids in tlie selection of safe products and helps prepare employers and employees to respond effectively to daily exposure situations as well as to emergency situations. It is also a source of information for identifying chemical hazards. 

Erythorbic acid and sodium erythorbate are very safe products, widely used in the food industry as antioxidants and alternatives to vitamin C. In the water treatment industry, they are strong reducing agents that reduce metal oxides and hydroxides to their more soluble ferrous forms and promote the passivation of boiler waterside surfaces (magnetite formation). 

Various combination oxygen scavenger products exist that use erythorbate with, for example, tannins and sulfite, to obtain safe products having the benefits of low-cost scavenging and good passivation. 

Erythorbates are safe products and there are no harmful breakdown products, although when early formulations utilized ammonia as a PH buffer (and neutralizer for part of the carbon dioxide), copper corrosion problems resulted. However, erythorbates are not steam-volatile,and consequently there is no post-boiler oxygen scavenging potential available. Thus, in the event of complete breakdown of the product at high pressure, oxygen-induced, ammonia corrosion of copper may continue unchecked. 

NOTE Formulations based on sodium erythorbate and stabilized with citric acid against premature reaction (thus, they remain safe products, despite the pH level being around 2.0). Formulations based on ammonium erythorbate lose their safe status but have an improved pH of 6.3 to 6.5. 

Floyd, T. M., Losey, M. W., Fieebaugh, S. L, Jensen, K. E., Schmidt, M.A., Novel liquid phase microreactors for safe production of hazardous specialty chemicals, in Ehrfeld, W. (Ed.), Microreaction Technology 3rd International Conference on Microreaction Technology, Proc. of IMRET 3, pp. 171-180, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2000). 

Is designed for safe, productive return to nature or industry... 

Nowadays different applications are known that can be used for demonstrating that C02 is a useful, versatile and safe product. Figure 11 illustrates most of the current and potential uses of C02. 

Production of a clinically safe product the pathogen-derived polypeptide now being expressed in a non-pathogenic recombinant host. This all but precludes the possibility that the final product could harbour undetected pathogen. 

RNAi technology has obvious therapeutic potential as an antisense agent, and initial therapeutic targets of RNAi include viral infection, neurological diseases and cancer therapy. The synthesis of dsRNA displaying the desired nucleotide sequence is straightforward. However, as in the case of additional nucleic-acid-based therapeutic approaches, major technical hurdles remain to be overcome before RNAi becomes a therapeutic reality. Naked unmodified siRNAs for example display a serum half-life of less than 1 min, due to serum nuclease degradation. Approaches to improve the RNAi pharmacokinetic profile include chemical modification of the nucleotide backbone, to render it nuclease resistant, and the use of viral or non-viral vectors, to achieve safe product delivery to cells. As such, the jury remains out in terms of the development and approval of RNAi-based medicines, in the short to medium term at least. 

In the beginning, when I was reacting to so many things, I really couldn t sort it all out. But I found a fact sheet on safe products that someone had given to me, and I asked somebody to buy me the things on the list, trusting that would help. I knew there were... 

Although medical products are required to be safe, safety does not mean zero risk. A safe product is one that has reasonable risks, given the magnitude of the benefit expected and the alternatives available. All participants in the medical product development and delivery system have a role to play in maintaining this benefit-risk balance by making sure that products are developed, tested, manufactured, labeled, prescribed, dispensed, and used in a way that maximizes benefit and minimizes risk. ... 

However, there may be a type of poisoning that does not arise from high levels of histamine, therefore a low histamine level may not be an absolute assurance of product safety. It may be more appropriate to state that the absence of decomposition in the fish renders it a safe product. As such, a safe product would have no evidence of spoilage, including odors of decomposition, high histamine levels, or other amines, e.g. cadaverine. 

Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is the main substrate for the manufacture of polymers used as packaging materials for food. Since VCM is considered by lARC to be a human carcinogen, monomer levels in PVC food packaging materials are strictly controlled. To ensure a safe product, the residual content of VCM in the finished material or article is limited to one mg per kg in the final product (Council Directive 78/142/EEC). Furthermore, VCM should not be detectable in foodstuflfs. Commission Directives 80/766/EEC and 81/432/ EEC give the method of analysis for official control of the VCM level in food packaging materials and in foods - gas-phase chromatography using the headspace method, after dissolution or suspension of samples in N,N-dimethylacetamide. Both residual monomer content of the polymer and... 

Limit tests have a long standing in pharmacopeias. For some, heavy metals for example, the sensitivity of the method was the basis for the standard. Modem limits in the USP-NF are toxicity based. There is divergence in harmonization because of toxicity-based rather than method-based standards. The modem basis avoids the exclusion of safe products from the marketplace, whereas the older approach could lead to lock-out specifications known as technical barriers to trade. 

Customer orientation and initial solution-free formulation of customers wishes, as an orientation for product development, appear to be promising approaches for innovations with regard to the application safety of chemicals-based products. However, the initiative for this is not mainly due to substance manufacturers, but rather to the chemicals users being close to the consumers. To what extent the commercial/industrial chemicals end-users (users of production auxiliary materials that are not included in the product) also transform the latent desire for application-safe products into effective demand behaviour, depends on other constellations of motives than those of private end-consumers. The employers liabihty insurance, chambers of commerce and industry, branch associations, trade unions and management boards of large-scale companies play a key role in making quality and competition effective as drivers for innovation here too. 

The capacities for ambitious risk management are limited for private end-consumers and also in small and medium sized enterprises. Suppliers of chemical products for these users should therefore inaugurate the development of intrinsically safe products as a guiding principle. These products would be regarded as innovative because of their technical efficiency and their low risk aspect in use. 

To be able to formulate objectives for this type of action requires the development of a guiding principle (Leitbild) or an agreement about an already predefined guiding principle. The chemistry of short ranges , intrinsically safe products , green chemistry or a non-toxic enviroiunent are representative guiding principles. 

Immediately notify the competent authorities in each Member State in which the product is in circulation if a product placed on the market no longer complies with the definition of a safe product. 

Ihe smoked fish industry was responsible for several botulism outbreaks in the 1960 s, but it has produced millions of pounds of safe products since that time after processing techniques were modified (21). 

Uses a safe product that is nontoxic and can be incinerated. 

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