Soil and solid

Table 6-2 summarizes the various methods available for measuring di-w-octylphthalate in environmental samples. GC/MS and GC combined with electron capture detection (ECD) can be used to measure di- -octylphthalate in water, waste water, groundwater, soil, and solid waste (APHA 1992 Eichelberger et al. 1983 EPA 1981, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1990b Furtmann 1994 Lopez-Avila et al. 1989 Ritsema et al. 

Analytical methods are available for measuring carbon tetrachloride in air, water, soil and solid waste, and most of these methods have good sensitivity and specificity (APHA 1992a, 1992b ... 

Moisture Soils and solids Neutron sources 226Ra-Be, 210Po-Be, 124Sb-Be, 239 Pu-Be, Cf,24 Am-Be... 

In general, the desorptive behavior of contaminated soils and solids is so variable that the required thermal treatment conditions are difficult to specify without experimental measurements. Experiments are most easily performed in bench- and pilot-scale facilities. Full-scale behavior can then be predicted using mathematical models of heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemical kinetics. 

Contaminants in soil can partition between the soil and air, soil and water, and soil and solids however, the physical structure and chemical composition of surface and subsurface soil are highly variable. Compared to aqueous systems, soil is a complex heterogeneous media composed of solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. The four major components of soil are the inorganic (mineral) fraction, organic matter, water, and air. Soil consists of 50% pore space, which is occupied by air and water 45% minerals and 5% organic matter. Figure 2.5 illustrates a typical soil structure that is important to consider for remediation. 

Chemical Pollutants in Air, Water, Soil, and Solid Wastes... 

Unlike aqueous samples, spike recovery for soil and solid wastes often does not require ary correction to be made in the volume of spike solution. Because the analysis of all soil and solid matrice requires that the analyte in the solid sample be extracted into a definite volume of solvent, there is no need to make ary volume or mass correction for the spike in solution added. This is shown in Example 6. 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Methods for Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards, Volume 1 Soil and Solid Media, EPA Report 230/02-89-042, [Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington DC, 1989a]. 

US Environmental Protection Agency Region IX, Regional Interim Policy for Determination of Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in Soil and Solid Matrices, [US Environmental Protection Agency, 1999e]. 

Rodriguez, R. R., Basta, N. T., Casteel, S. W., and Pace, L. W. (1999). An in vitro gastrointestinal method to estimate bioavailable arsenic in contaminated soils and solid media. Environ. Sd. Technol. 33, 642-649. 

To obtain a more accurate inventory of the refinery s releases, the study team undertook a massive sampling program. Almost 1000 samples of air, groundwater, surface water, soils, and solid waste were collected and analyzed the database generated by this effort represents one of the most detailed emissions inventories ever assembled for a major petrochemical facility. 

The inventory analysis is a technical process of collecting data, in order to quantify the inputs and outputs of the system. Energy and raw materials consumed, emissions to air, water, soil and solid waste produced by the system are calculated for the entire life cycle of the product or service. To make this analysis easier, the system under study is split into several subsystems and unit processes, and the data obtained are grouped in different categories in a LCI table. 

Soil and solid waste Extract from sample, cleanup GC/FID 137 mg/kgb 25.7-100% EPA 1986b... 

Soil and solid Extract from sample, GC/MS 19 No data EPA 1986c... 

In contrast, under transport-limited conditions, weathering rates are ultimately limited by the formation of soils that are sufficiently thick or impermeable to restrict free access by water to unweathered material. Erosion rates are low, and soils and solid weathering products are cation-deficient. In regions where transport-limited erosion predominates, soils are thick and slopes are slight and convexo-concave (Fig. 6-2b). With time, these... 

Water, soil, and solid waste Purge-and-trap sample thermally desorb GC/MS low ppb level (water, solid waste) low ppm level (soil) NR... 

In this chapter, some applications dealing with landfill leachates, contaminated soils and solid waste composts are presented. A complementary study concerning natural sediments is presented at the end of the chapter. If needed, extraction procedures must be chosen as simple as possible, but other methods or techniques could be used for the purpose. In this field in particular, further developments or applications are easy to imagine. 

Bolin, H. L. 1992. Chemical activity and aqueous solubility of soil and solid solutions. Soil Sci. 154 357-365. 

Solid samples, such as soils and solid wastes which are quite insoluble in solvents, have to be submitted to an analyte extraction process. In some cases, such as in elemental analysis, it is adequate to digest the sample in a strong acid. However, in other cases, the analyte may be destroyed under strongly acidic conditions and alternative extraction methods have to be used. The most important and internationally used techniques are discussed in the following sections. 

Isobutanol may be analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS techniques. Air analysis may be performed by NIOSH Method 1401. GC/MS volatile organic analysis using a purge and trap or thermal desorption technique may be suitable for analyzing isobutanol in water, soil, and solid wastes (U.S. EPA 1986, Method 8240) (see Section 4.6). Characteristic mass ions from electron-impact ionization are 41, 42, 43, and 47. 

GC and GC/MS are the most widely used techniques for the analysis of bis(2-chloro-ethyl)ether. Methods for analysis of this compound in wastewaters and soils and solid wastes along with other haloethers are described in EPA procedures (U.S. EPA 1992, Methods 611, 625 1986, Methods 8010 and 8270). 

Gas and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and UV and IR spectrophotometry are among the common instrumental techniques applied to analyze aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene and alkylbenzenes pollutants in water, soils, and solid wastes may be analyzed by various GC or GC/MS methods as specified by the EPA (1984, Methods 602 and 624 1986, Methods 8020, 8024). In general, any mononuclear aromatic in any matrix may be analyzed in a similar way. Analysis of these substances in air may be performed by NIOSH Methods involving adsorption over coconut charcoal, desorption with carbon disulfide, and analysis by GC-FID. 

Polynuclear aromatics are hydrocarbons containing more than one fused benzenoid ring. These substances primarily occur in coal, coal tar, heavy oil, diesel fnel and many petroleum products. They are also found in soils, sediments, solid wastes, many wastewaters, emission from indnstrial boilers and tobacco smoke at trace concentrations. In the PAH class, U.S. EPA has hsted 16 compounds as priority pollutants in potable water and wastewater and 22 componnds in soil and solid wastes. Except naphthalene most PAH compounds have little commercial applications. However, they may be generated from various sources or industrial operations the exposure to which may pose risk to human health. Many PAHs may cause cancers, affecting a variety of tissues. However, only benzo[a]pyrene is a potent human carcinogen, while naphthalene, benzo[a]anthracene. 

Nitrosoamines in wastewater, soils, and solid wastes may conveniently be analyzed by GC or GC/MS techniqnes after their extraction with a snitable solvent, such as methylene chloride under alkaline pH conditions. The detector used for GC analysis is NPD in the nitrogen mode. An FID may be used for high-range analysis. 

Table 1 General Experimental Design for Determination of Bioavailable Arsenic in Site Soil and Solid Media Using the Juvenile Swine Model...

Table 2 Comparison of Methods Used to Measure Bioavailable Arsenic in Contaminated Soils and Solid Media ...

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