Tank mixtures

The oils were applied in the form of an aqueous emulsion prepared according to the tank-mixture method. Most of the time it is possible to approach a given oil deposit by proper adjustment of the concentration of oil in the spray mixture. The volume basis was used for the concentration of oil in the spray emulsion. The ingredients were emulsified and agitated by means of a high speed homomixer (made by Eppenbach, Inc., Long Island City, N. Y.). 

Atrazine is the only proven product for control of these six common and economically important broadleaf weed species with ALS-resistant biotypes in com. Product labels for each of the ALS herbicides recommend tank mixtures with atrazine. When used in the corn-soybean rotation, atrazine use in com breaks the continuous use of ALS-inhibitor herbicides and delays the spread of ALS-resistant biotypes. For example, Owen el al., (1995) reported that none of the ALS herbicides controlled ALS-resistant common lambsquarters, but atrazine provided excellent control. Sprague et al. (1997c) reported excellent control with atrazine both preemergence and postemergence on ALS-resistant, cross-resistant, and susceptible biotypes of common waterhemp. 

Atrazine use in ecofallow usually is supplemented with other herbicides. For example, the first herbicide application to wheat stubble often uses glyphosate and 2,4-D or dicamba, with the atrazine application postponed until later in summer to coincide with the emergence of volunteer wheat, cheat, and downy brome. Atrazine can be applied with glyphosate, but antagonism with some atrazine formulations is associated with this tank mixture (Stahlman and Phillips, 1979 Wicks and Hanson, 1995) because of physical binding of inert components in the atrazine formulation with glyphosate (Ahmadi et al., 1980). Farmers know that if rainfall does not move atrazine off the wheat residue and into the soil, control of weeds, and volunteer wheat will be unsatisfactory. 

Singh, M., D.P.H. Tucker, and S.H. Futch (1990). Multiple applications of preemergence herbicide tank mixtures in young citrus groves. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., 103 16-21. 

Although atrazine is used on approximately 65-70% of the nation s com acreage, today it is often used in premixes with other herbicides. Survey data for 1992 indicated that atrazine by itself represented only 6% of the herbicide acre treatments in corn (USDA ERS, 1993b). Atrazine is more frequently used in formulations or in tank mixtures with other herbicides to broaden the weed control spectrum, particularly with regard to broadleaf species. The average... 

To increase the marketability of Collego, its compatibility with chemical pesticides has been investigated. Mixtures of CGA with propanil [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanamide], molinate [S-ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-l-carbothioate], 2,4,5-T, and benomyl [methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate] were detrimental to CGA s efficacy (31). If, however, propanil, 2,4,5-T, fentin hydroxide (triphenyltin hydroxide), pencycuron N-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-N-cyclopentyl-N -phenylurea), each at 0.56 kg ai/ha, and SN-84364 [3 -isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzanilide] (at 0.40 kg ai/ha) were applied after CGA treatment, disease and development were not inhibited (32). The herbicides, acifluorfen 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) (0.56 kg ai/ha) and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(IH)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] (0.56 to 1.1 kg ai/ha), or the insecticides, malathion [diethyl(dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio)succinate] (0.56 kg ai/ha) and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), (0.56 kg ai/ha) could be applied with CGA from a single tank mixture (33-34). ... 

Pesticide mixtures should be filtered to remove dirt, rust flakes, and other foreign materials from the tank mixture. Proper filtering protects the working... 

Elimination or Inhibition of Enhanced Biodegradation by Herbicide Tank Mixtures. In one field trial, tank-mixes of atrazine with EPTC significantly increased green and yellow foxtail control at 60 DAT. In the green foxtail field, which had been treated with EPTC for 4 years, the application of EPTC provided little weed control. When EPTC was applied at 4.5 and 6.7 kg ai/ha tank-mixed with atrazine at 1.7 kg ai/ha, green foxtail control increased from 15 to 52% and from 22 to 94%, respectively. EPTC had only been applied once before to the yellow foxtail field. EPTC alone provided 68 to 72% control and tank-mixtures with atrazine provided 83 to 91% control, respectively (Table V). Atrazine tank-mixes appeared to be more beneficial In the field with the longer previous history of EPTC use. 

Butylate at 4.5 kg ai/ha provided unacceptable green and yellow foxtail control in both years. Atrazine alone also provided unacceptable control. The tank-mixture significantly increased foxtail control. Butylate recovery data suggest that the tank-mix including atrazine enhanced the persistence of butylate. The results were statistically significant only at 5 DAT in 1984. However, the recovery was numerically greater with the tank-mix at each evaluation date (Table VI). 

Butylate + atrazine + metolachlor tank mixtures increased foxtail control compared to continuous butylate + atrazine use in a field with a 3 year history of butylate use (Table II). 

Herbicides in tank-mixture with EPTC or butylate can increase weed control in fields with accelerated biodegradation and may reduce the impact of enhanced biodegradation on weed control. 

The increased weed control in carbamothioate + atrazine or metolachlor tank mixtures may be due to the 1) additive/synergistic action of the tank mix 2) inhibition of enhanced biodegradation, or 3) activity of atrazine as a mild extender for carbamothioate herbicides. 

Tank mixtures of carbamothioates with atrazine or metolachlor reduced the expression of enhanced biodegradation (Tables V-VI). Other rotations of crops and or chemical classes can achieve the same results (4). 

In addition to efficient application and incorporation the following factors have significantly increased the weed control from EPTC, EPTC + dietholate, or butylate when reduced performance due to enhanced biodegration was observed 1) reduce weed pressure or establish conditions favorable for immediate, uniform weed emergence 2) immediate, uniform incorporation just prior to corn planting 3) tank mixtures of carbamothioate herbicides with atrazine, cyanazine, or metolachlor 4) rotation for one year to no herbicide, alachlor, cycloate, metolachlor, or trifluralin or, 4) formulations of EPTC plus R251005 at 6.7 + 1.1 kg/ha. 

To increase its effect against broad-leaved weeds it is used in combination with herbicides efficient For the control of such weeds. Used in tank mixture with phenmedipham, it hives total weed-control in sugar beet (Hubl et ai, 1977). 

Difenzoquat methyl sulfate is specifically effective only against Avena spp., for the control of other grass weeds and broad-leaved weeds it must be used in combination with other herbicides. It can be used in tank mixture with the esters of the following herbicides 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA, dichlorprop, bromoxynil, and ioxynil. 

Inhalation measurements included exposure during insecticide addition to the tank, travel time throughout the day, time involved in spray application, and truck and equipment cleanup time at the end of the day for Tests 1 and 2. Test 3 was a granular application which required individual separate handling procedures at each site. Test 4 required addition of a wettable powder to the tank. Because of greater potential exposure from the powder as the insecticide was added to the tank a separate inhalation measurement was made during tank mixture preparation (Table 1). 

Propoxycarbazone-sodium (2) can be applied straight or in tank mixtures with other herbicides such as triasulfiiron, metsulfiiron-methyl, chlorsulfiiron, thifensulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, carfentrazone, dicamba, bromoxynil, dopyr-alid, MCPA amine or ester, 2,4-D amine or ester, metribuzin or fluroxypyr. Olympus flex is a ready to use formulation with mesosulfuron. 

High-molecular weight polymers can have an effect on spray drift by increasing droplet size if the polymer is not physically degraded by mechanical action in the spray tank pumps. Newer non-polymeric drift control aids have also been developed that change the rheological properties of the tank mixture. Many additional types of adjuvants are used conunonly. Those presented above are... 

Adjuvants are applied in two ways (1) by incorporation in the formulation -mostly the case with flowables (SCs and EWs). (2) In tank mixtures during application. Such adjuvants can be complex mixtures of several surfactants, oils, polymers, etc. 

Use approved tank mixtures of fungicides with different modes of action, rather than always relying on single fungicides. 

Another area of remote sensing that is based on line-of-site measurements has been illustrated by Angel et al. [141]. They suggest, for surveying a large contamination area, that a Raman radar system is better suited than a fiber-optics-based system. Raman spectra were collected for common waste tank mixtures of nitrate and ferrocyanide with a distance of 16.7 m. Earlier line-of-site measurements were conducted by Ahmadjian and Brown [142] with detection limits of 150 ppm for nitrate in water and oil films on the surface of water. 

Adjuvants eue applied in two different ways They can be incorporated in the formulation, which is mostly the case with flowables (SC s and EW s) or they can be used in tank mixtures during application. Such adjuvants can be complex mixtures of several surfactants, oils, polymers, etc. The choice of an adjuvant depends on (i) The nature of the agrochemical - water soluble or insoluble (lipophilic) whereby its solubility and log P values are important. P is the partition coefficient of the agrochemical between octanol and water. The higher the log P number the more lipophilic the compound is. (ii) The mode of action of the agrochemical systemic or nonsystemic, selective or nonselective. (iii) The type of formulation that is used flowable, EC, grain, granule, capsule, etc. 

Methodologies most often used for formulation and application of viral insecticides are those developed for conventional chemical insecticides. Viral insecticides are most effectively formulated as wettable powders by lyophilization or spray dry methods. These formulations are best standardized using both counts of occluded virus particle concentration and bioassay activity. Viral insecticides are typically applied as sprays against larval pests of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (sawfly) using both aerial and ground equipment. Spray parameters for viral insecticides are not well understood and available equipment is not suitable for their most efficaceous use. Much of the research on virus application has been on development of adjuvants for tank mixtures to overcome problems with plant coverage and sunlight inactivation. 

Lyophilization is often used effectively in formulation of viruses, but it may be expensive. A common problem with lyophil-ized products is clumping of virus in the lyophilization step. Although milling can powder the lyophilate, some clumping of polyhedra remains, limiting dispersal in the tank mixture (15). 

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