Animal pests

Animal pests Table 5.18. Major animal pests of cherries.  

Winter moth dormancy of check branch 2-3 eggs/1 m of apply sticky bands 

Caterpillars usually growth samples fruit spurs in October to catch 

Black cherry aphid second flowering visual check occurrence of the control early, so as 

Hatches from winter first colonies to prevent honeydew 

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Economic Market. The spice trade is controlled by many direct elements and responds slowly to supply and demand fluctuations. Resupply depends on growth to plant maturity, which for certain items, such as black pepper or nutmeg, can be several years. The raw material is directly affected by climate, adverse weather conditions, and control of plant diseases and insect and animal pests. Limited agricultural scientific advances are appHed to the cultivation of the botanicals, and there are many grades of product and degrees of quahty caused by different growing or processing conditions, sometimes by unknown factors as well. 

Principles of Plant and Animal Pest Control, Vol. 2, Weed Control" National Academy of Sciences, 1975, pp. 6-35. 

Healthy, well-grown plants are more resistant to pest and disease attack. Pest- and disease-resistant cultivars should be used where problems are known to exist. Pests attack vegetables above and below soil. They range from large animal pests such as rabbits, which cause general damage, to microscopic nematodes that... 

The Food Alliance has both fixed standards, which specifically prohibit the use of feed additives or subtherapeutic antibiotics, growth hormones, and genetically modified stock, and scored standards, which focus on more particular practices such as feed production, pasture management, manure management, and animal pest management. The Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) has also setup operational standards called the Humane Husbandry Criteria that farmers who produce meat for companies such as Niman Ranch voluntarily implement in order to receive the AWI certification. 

DIRECT. Scab is the most important disease in fruit production, and more than half of the measures required are for the purpose of scab control. Unlike animal pests, scab is an invisible enemy , which does not become visible until the fruit tree is already infected. For this reason all treatments must be performed before an infection. 

Sometimes, species that are not particularly prominent in their native habitat become important pests when they are introduced by humans into a new habitat. In such cases, these organisms are opportunistically responding to a novel ecological circumstance that enhances their access to resources. This response is made possible because the species are no longer constrained by the specifically adapted herbivores, predators, or diseases that occur in their native habitat, a situation that is referred to as ecological release. Most of the important species of weeds in agriculture have opportunistically responded to favorable circumstances in the new environments to which they have been introduced, as have invasive animal pests, such as rats and mice. 

Nuts disappear. Cause Squirrels and other pests. For more information, see Stopping Animal Pests on page 408. 

Foliage disappears. Causes Animal pests slugs and snails. Birds and rabbits are quite fond of early anemone leaves. Cover young plants with netting if the problem is severe enough to warrant control. See Stopping Animal Pests on page 408 for control information. 

Fruit gnawed or eaten. Causes Birds squirrels rats other small animals. Use traps or physical barriers to get rid of rodents netting may be necessary for birds. See Stopping Animal Pests" on page 408 for more information on controlling pests. 

Tree stripped of fruit. Cause Birds. Birds especially love red sweet cherries. Plant yellow-fruited cultivars, which are somewhat less attractive to birds. Cover small trees with netting. For more information on controlling birds, see "Stopping Animal Pests on page 408. 

Don t worry about the animal pests that eat most other bulbs daffodils bitter taste deters feeding wildlife. Choose bulbs carefully to avoid most other pests and diseases see the illustration Buying Healthy Bulbs on page 49. 

The best defense against birds is a net well-secured at the edges. See Stopping Animal Pests on page 408 for controls. 

Protection Offered Floating row cover controls insects and other pests that fly or crawl toward plants. They also control the plant diseases that insects transmit and stop rabbits, birds, groundhogs, and other animal pests. Row covers won t control the pests that emerge from soil once the covers are in place crop rotation is still necessary. 

The main uses of propoxur include control of residential and commercial insect pests, domestic animal pests, and mosquitoes. It is available in a wide variety of formulations including aerosols, baits, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, pest strips, pet flea collars, powders, ready-to-use solutions, and wetta-ble powders. 

Food animals, pest control 293 Fond-handling premises 239-60... 

Thus we focus on chemicals used to treat plant and animal pests that are detrimental to agriculture and food destined for human consumption. The term pesticide is an umbrella for numerous compounds used to eliminate many types of pests. The bulk of the toxicology literature is concerned with the following ... 

During the past 40 years large quantities of chlorinated organic compounds have been manufactured for use worldwide. Some of these compounds, such as the pesticides DDT, Lindane and pentachlorophenol, were purposely Introduced into the environment to control various noxious or harmful plant and animal pests (1 ). Others, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, contaminated the environment through use or as waste from manufacturing processes ( ). Some, such as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, were unknowingly Introduced as contaminants of other compounds or preparations (1 ). 

According to reliable estimates, biotic factors, i. e., animal pests, microorganisms and weeds, diminish the yield of agricultural produce by 35%. Even in the past, mankind could not accept a loss of 35%, and will be able to afford it still less in the future. The saving of perishable agricultural produce is no longer an economic, but a fundamental humanitarian problem. 

Pesticides can be classified in several ways. The clearest and most widely used classification is based on the practical purpose of application. Thus, pesticides are classified as microbicides against microbial pests, zoocides against animal pests and herbicides against weeds. 

Because, of all animal pests, insects cause the greatest losses in agriculture, antiinsect agents are the most important zoocides. These agents can be divided into two groups insecticides in the conventional sense and novel anti-insect agents with specific action. 

Oerke, E.C. (1994). Estimated crop losses due to pathogens, animal pests and weeds. In Crop Production and Crop Protection Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops (Oerke E.C., Define, H.W., Schonbeck, F. and Weber, A., Eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 72-88. 

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