How effective are they

Pierson, W. R., Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs—How Effective Are They Atmos. Environ., 30, i-iii (1996). 

It seems apparent that people adapt to shortened sleep times and fragmented sleep and the question is what countermeasures are being employed, how effective are they, and what risks remain To thoroughly understand these issues, parametric analyses of the various countermeasures would be quite helpful and... 

How much endogenous Fe salts are present in ceruloplasmin solutions and how effective are they as stimulators of ceruloplasmin oxidase activity McDermott et al. 163) have very elegantly demonstrated that Chelex treated solutions of ceruloplasmin were between 1 and 40 nmolar Fe depending on the amount of Fe the solution contained prior to treatment with Chelex (2—20 Fe atoms per... 

Buch, K., and Raban, A. (1990), Quality Circles How Effective Are They in Improving Employee... 

How these processes are performed and who performs them will determine the end result. Review the following work process examples. How effective are they What are the defects How could they be improved ... 

The next three chapters investigate the effectiveness of current safety regulations. Three questions will be asked. What are the current safety regulations How effective are they And, can the regulatory system be improved ... 

What procedures exist in Russia, how effective are they, at whom are they directed, and how often are they used ... 

Peterson, Iver. Smart Guns Set Off Debate Just How Smart Are They The New York Times, October 22, 1998, p. Al. Discusses development of smart gun features by Colt and other companies and debates the effectiveness of devices that would make guns usable only by their owner. Although the idea is attractive, the devices still have technical problems. 

Our review of information on alcohol s acute effects highlights that a lot of research has been done on how much alcohol humans drink, why they drink it, and what effects it has on them. As you might have noticed, many of these studies used the survey method to obtain information about humans use of alcohol. Surveys on alcohol almost always ask the research participant to tell the researcher how much alcohol was consumed over some period of time (a day, a week, a month, a year) occurring at different points back from the survey date (yesterday, last week, last month, last year). The first question that most people ask about such retrospective self-reports" of drinking is, How accurate are they "... 

First of all, let us consider the so-called good drugs—the medicines. How good are they If a medicine is to be truly good it would have to satisfy the following criteria. It would have to do what it is meant to do, have no side-effects, be totally safe, and be easy to take. 

How will we deal with these effects Are they real or mere speculation When and how do they happen ... 

What policies and incentives are in place to enhance faculty competence How effective have they been ... 

Chemical weapons were employed extensively in the First World War and have been used on a number of occasions since then. The details of chemical warfare programmes are generally highly classified, but a considerable amount of information is available about the weapons themselves and about their strategic and military uses. Analysis of past events can show how chemical weapons were used and what military purpose they served. That in its turn can help us to reach a view on the role chemical weapons might now play in warfare. It also raises the question of defence against chemical weapons - how effective are modern defences, and how effective could they become Where does the balance lie between offence and defence in chemical warfare ... 

Appreciating the beneficial influences of water and Lewis acids on the Diels-Alder reaction and understanding their origin, one may ask what would be the result of a combination of these two effects. If they would be additive, huge accelerations can be envisaged. But may one really expect this How does water influence the Lewis-acid catalysed reaction, and what is the influence of the Lewis acid on the enforced hydrophobic interaction and the hydrogen bonding effect These are the questions that are addressed in this chapter. 

Equation (3.16) shows that the force required to stretch a sample can be broken into two contributions one that measures how the enthalpy of the sample changes with elongation and one which measures the same effect on entropy. The pressure of a system also reflects two parallel contributions, except that the coefficients are associated with volume changes. It will help to pursue the analogy with a gas a bit further. The internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of volume The molecules are noninteracting so it makes no difference how far apart they are. Therefore, for an ideal gas (3U/3V)j = 0 and the thermodynamic equation of state becomes... 

One of the commonly used ventilation parameters is ventilation effectiveness, and it shows how certain regions in the room are influenced by contaminant sources introduced into the room. Three definitions of ventilation effectiveness are often used, namely, the ventilation effectiveness in the occupied zone the local ventilation index and the mean ventilation effectiveness They are defined as... 

Toxicologists tend to focus their attention primarily on c.xtrapolations from cancer bioassays. However, tlicrc is also a need to evaluate the risks of lower doses to see how they affect the various organs and systems in the body. Many scientific papers focused on tlic use of a safety factor or uncertainty factor approach, since all adverse effects other than cancer and mutation-based dcvclopmcnUil effects are believed to have a tlu cshold i.e., a dose below which no adverse effect should occur. Several researchers have discussed various approaches to setting acceptable daily intakes or exposure limits for developmental and reproductive toxicants. It is Uiought Uiat an acceptable limit of exposure could be determined using cancer models, but today tliey arc considered inappropriate because of tlircsholds. ... 

It might therefore be possible to set up a CNS with two NTs exerting fast excitatory and inhibitory effects through different receptors, situated on different parts of the neuron provided those were the only effects wanted. But this is not so. One neuron can receive hundreds of inputs and its activity and responsiveness is in fact balanced by such inputs producing different effects at differing speeds by using different NTs. So what are these different effects and how are they produced ... 

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