Weather phenomena

Schreiner, M. (1988). Deterioration of stained medieval glass by atmospheric attack. Part 1. Scanning microscopic investigations of the weathering phenomena. Glastechnische Berichte 61 197-204. 

Both projects are designed to draw their energy from an organic photovoltaic layer, thus creating harmony with weather phenomena from the outset. Sunshine activates the objects under adverse weather conditions they are present in the public space in static form. 

Finally, global warming may result in more severe weather phenomena, such as more and stronger hurricanes and tornadoes, more floods in some areas, and more droughts in others. These problems could well affect everyone in one way or another and the rising level of carbon in the atmosphere may he the culprit. 

Land and sea breezes are wind and weather phenomena associated with coastal areas. A land breeze is a breeze blowir from land out toward a body cf water. A sea breeze is a wind blowing from the water onto the land. Land breezes and sea breezes arise because of differential heatir between land and water surfaces. Land and sea breezes can extend inland rp to 100 mi (161 km), or manifest as local phenomena that quickly weaken with a few hundred yards cf the oreline. On average, the... 

Earth s atmosphere is divided into five layers based on altitude and temperature variation. The lowest layer—the troposphere—extends from Earth s surface to a height of approximately 15 km, as shown in Figure 26-1. Temperatures in the troposphere generally decrease with increasing altitude, reaching a minimum of —58°C at 12 km. Rain, snow, wind, and other weather phenomena occur in this layer. We live our entire lives within the troposphere. Only astronauts in spacecraft go beyond its reach. 

FIGURE 4-1 Vertical structure of the atmosphere. Weather phenomena are confined almost entirely to the troposphere, as are most air pollutants, which are removed by various processes before they can mix into the stratosphere. Certain long-lived pollutants, however, such as the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), do mix into the stratosphere, and other pollutants can be injected physically to stratospheric altitudes by processes such as volcanic eruptions or nuclear explosions. Note that more than one term may refer to a given layer of the atmosphere (adapted from Introduction to Meteorology, by F. W. Cole. Copyright 1970, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.). 

As the plane continues to climb, the ride becomes smooth. Coffee served in open cups does not spill, providing testimony that in the tropopause [at approximately 10,000 m (33,000 ft)] and the still higher stratosphere (Fig. 4-1), the size and energy of atmospheric eddies decrease. Weather phenomena are confined almost entirely to the troposphere. Being at the edge of the stratosphere is comparable to being in the thermocline of a stratified lake (Section 2.2.2) turbulent diffusion is suppressed, and vertical Fickian transport is slowed. Chemicals released into the air near Earth s surface may mix... 

V0I.699 J.-P. Rozelot (Ed.), Solar and Heliospheric Origins of Space Weather Phenomena V0I.700 J. Al-Khalili, E. Roeckl (Eds.), The Euroschool Lectures on Physics with Exotic Beams, Vol. II... 

Under certain conditions, the Baltic Sea generates small and medium scale weather phenomena that strongly influence the Baltic Sea region. 

Refer to the chemical downwind message to determine cloud cover, significant weather phenomena, and air stability. 3. Line ZULA ALPHA contains the 6-digit code from the CDM. ... 

Examination of the literature regarding bioavailability of TCDD from environmental materials (Table I) reveals several important points. (1). Bioavailability of TCDD appears to be quite variable, depending on the site and material tested, and the species used as an assay system. (2). Laboratory contaminated samples yield different reactions than environmentally contaminated samples. It appears that TCDD added to soil in the laboratory is much more bioavailable, at least initially, than TCDD on materials contaminated in the environment. (3). Apparently the amount of time TCDD has been in contact with the substrate greatly affects its bioavailability and chemical extractablility. This effect may be a physiochemical ageing or a weathering phenomena. 

Humans have always dealt with and been fascinated by the properties of our atmosphere. In ancient times, the motivation to observe the atmosphere was clearly the driving force which increased the understanding of nature. Atmospheric (weather) observations were closely associated with astronomy, and everything above the earth s surface was named heaven or ether . The weather phenomena - fog, mist and clouds, precipitation (rain, snow, and hail) and dew - have been described since Antiquity. A phenomenological understanding of the physical (but not the chemical) processes associated with hydrometeors was complete only by the end of the nineteenth century. Today the physics and chemistry in the aerosol-cloud-precipitation chain are relatively well understood - also with relation to climate. However, it seems that because of the huge complexity a mathematical description of the processes (i. e., the parameterization of the chemistry and also for climate modeling) is still under construction. 

Microrotorcrafts could be used for a variety of missions. Their portability and hovering capabilities make them well suited for military surveillance missions (also categorized as hover-and-stare missions), as well as for other data gathering activities. Furthermore, clusters of microrotorcrafts could be used to provide insight into weather phenomena, pollution dispersal, wave patterns, etc. Finally, because microrotorcrafts are unmanned, they could also be used in hazardous environments (whether due to biological, chemical, or other causes) or for extra-planetary or low-gravity missions, such as exploration of Mars. 

The broadly rmderstood work environment of air crew members as well as all the staff to support them has a great impact upon all airborne operations. In spite of ever better systems to watch and recognise weather phenomena, there is no reduction in hazardous effect thereof upon flight safety all the more so because the man furnished with ever better technologies attempts to fly missions rmder more and more difficult conditions. Apart from weather conditions being the most essential component of the environment that could adversely affect the flight safety level, accomplishment of an air operation may be impeded by a variety... 

V0L699 J.-P. Rozelot (Ed.), Solar and Heliospheric Ongins of Space Weather Phenomena... 

In certain regions, heavy rainfall is closely related to the low-level jet. For example, during the early summer rainy season in subtropical China and Japan, extremely heavy rainfall (at least 100 mm/day) is one of the most disastrous weather phenomena. As in other parts of East Asia, extremely heavy rainfall is also found by meteorologists in Taiwan to be closely associated with a low-level jet. For example, there was an 84% likelihood that a low-level jet of at least 12.5 m/sec would be present at 700 mb (about 3 km) 12 hr before the start of the rainfall event. They concluded that the low-level jet may form to the south of heavy rainfall as part of the secondary circulation driven by convective latent heating. 

Troposphere The layer of the atmosphere between the ground and the stratosphere the troposphere is the layer where all weather phenomena (fronts, thunderstorms, hurricanes, etc.) take place. 

Classificatioii of mo(iSpatial scale (km) Temporal scale (s) Examples of weather phenomena... 

Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T. and Vollbrecht, A. 2003. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies. Special Publication 205, Geological Society, London. 

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