Internal generation

Another hydrogenation process utilizes internally generated hydrogen for hydroconversion in a single-stage, noncatalytic, fluidized-bed reactor (41). Biomass is converted in the reactor, which is operated at about 2.1 kPa, 800°C, and residence times of a few minutes with steam-oxygen injection. About 95% carbon conversion is anticipated to produce a medium heat value (MHV) gas which is subjected to the shift reaction, scmbbing, and methanation to form SNG. The cold gas thermal efficiencies are estimated to be about 60%. 

Stabilizers. Heat stabilizers (qv) are included in PVC compounds to counteract the internal generation of hydrogen chloride as well as the external degradative effect of heat. Due to environmental considerations, there is a trend toward decreasing and even avoiding the use of stabilizers based on heavy metals, eg, lead. 

Conduction, which may be one-, two-, or three-dimensional or internally generated... 

Indoor pollution Pollution inside a building due to internally generated pollutants as well as external pollutants entering the building. 

The linear ramp instrument uses a linear time-base to determine the time taken for an internally generated voltage to reach the unknown voltage, V. The limitations are due to small non-linearity in the ramp, instability of the electronic components and a lack of noise rejection. 

To keep something cool, i.e. remove incoming and internally generated heat... 

The sample solution is not diluted in the internal generation procedure. 

Figure 14.2(a) is a schematic diagram of a suitable circuit for coulometric titration with internal generation of titrant and using the dead-stop or... 

The limitations of coulometric titration with internal generation of the titrant include the following. 

When internal generation is used in association with a platinum auxiliary electrode the latter must be placed in a separate compartment contact between the auxiliary electrode compartment and the sample solution is made through... 

Biomimetic materials are materials that are modeled after naturally occurring materials. Gels or flexible polymers (Chapter 19) modeled after natural membranes and tissues are biomimetic materials with remarkable properties. Some can be made to crawl on their own like tiny nanometer worms, others pulsate to an internally generated rhythm, and still others respond in seemingly lifelike ways to stimuli. 

The result of the entire procedure, being a 100% conversion of Fe(II) to Fe(III), thus represents a so-called coulometric titration with internal generation of course, it seems possible to titrate Fe(II) with Ce(IV) generated externally from Ce(III), but in this way one would unnecessarily remove the solution of the 100% conversion problem hence the above titration with internal generation in the presence of a redox buffer as an intermediary oxidant represents an extremely reliable method, unless occasional circumstances are prohibitive for the remainder internal generation offers the advantage of no dilution of the analyte solution. 

Another important point in coulometric titration is the necessity in many instances for internal generation to keep the electrolyte around the auxiliary electrode separated from the analyte solution around the working electrode by means of a diaphragm or a special type of membrane we describe below two important examples of this situation. 

Indeed, up to 322 charges can be chemoselectively incorporated on the core, within the cascade structure (core and internal generations) or even within the cascade structure and on the surface. The polycationic species remain fairly soluble in several solvents. 

In most cases, the inert materials are merely held together by matrices of the internally generated solids. It is important to recognize that there are two very distinct types of material generated by coal liquefaction namely carbonaceous (coke-like) solids and carbonates. 

Isothermal a system condition in which the temperature remains constant this implies that heat internally generated or absorbed is quickly compensated for by sufficient heat exchange with the surroundings of the system. 

The laboratory shall establish and maintain procedures to control all documents that form part of its management system (internally generated or from external sources), such as... 

In Figure 10.4 an attempt has been made to indicate the energy balance i.e. the difference between internally generated energy and that received from adjacent zones) for each zone. 

The use of internally generated UV-Visible radiation from an infrared two-photon initiated fluorescence allows much deeper penetration of the resin than with conventional single photon initiation. In this two-photon photocure system the... 

The purpose is to determine the capabilities of the system to recover from internally generated contamination. 

The results of the delayed stress on radiation studies presented above (Figure 7) are also consistent with the mechanism of gas buildup within the polymer specimens as the cause of the accelerated creep. An additional interesting conclusion is that applied stress should increase the rate at which gases diffuse out of a polymer specimen. This is not unreasonable in view of the fact that this conclusion is reached for stress application during irradiation, when expansion of the polymer matrix by the internally generated gas would be expected to facilitate gas diffusion. (Actually, one would expect increased gas diffusion in stressed glassy polymers, even in the absence of radiation, owing to the low Poisson ratio in such materials.)... 

Suppose the objective is to control the temperature of a bioreactor. The temperature of a bioreactor is measured by instrumentation and compared with a set-point value. Based on the difference between the measured and the set-point temperature, the flow rate of cooling water into a fermentor jacket is increased or decreased by manipulating a control valve of cooling water until the difference between the measured and the set-point temperature becomes zero. By repeating this operation, the temperature of a bioreactor can be kept constant regardless of changes in the outer temperature or from the internal generation of heat. 

Fortunately for the scientist interested in these matters, the attributes of consciousness tend to be organized in a correlated manner, resulting in what are called states. By states we mean syndromes or clusters of attributes. When we speak of altered states of consciousness, we refer to the tendency of consciousness to be at a higher or lower level, to be concerned with external or internally generated data, and to be organized in a linear logical or parallel analogical fashion, and to be more or less affect driven. 

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