Early Pioneers

Of the women at the forefront of the battles with the Pharmaceutical Society, Clarke, Minshull, and Stammwitz all pursued successful careers in pharmacy. In 1876, Isabella Clarke55 established her own business at Spring Street, Paddington, London. She provided the dispensing course at 

Minshull became head dispenser at the North Eastern Hospital for Children. Dying on 9 May 1905 at the comparatively young age of 58, she was described in an obituary as ... not by nature a fighter, but a bright and charming little woman of an affectionate nature. 58 

Stammwitz spent 9 years as a dispenser at the New Hospital for Women (an expansion of Garrett s original dispensary). She then went into partnership with Anne Neve, a former apprentice of Isabella Clarke, who had qualified in 1884. They established a successful chemist s shop in Paignton, Devon. Stammwitz and Neve retired together to Croydon, where Stammwitz died in 1916.57 

Neither Rowland nor the first woman to pass the Minor, Alice Vickery, had any intention of pursuing a career in pharmacy.10 They had both planned to study medicine, but had been thwarted by the collapse in 1872 of a plan to set up a Ladies Medical College in London. Thus, both women left pharmacy and enrolled with the LSMW upon its founding in 1874. Vickery became a successful medical practitioner and was also active in radical political causes, including the birth control movement. 

Rowland completed her medical studies and worked together with her husband. 

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The early pioneers also include Benjamin Franklin and Charles de Coulomb. Franklin studied the effect of point electrodes in drawing electric currents. Coulomb discovered that a charged object gradually loses its charge i.e., he actually discovered the electrical conductivity of air. Coulomb s importance for the development of electrostatic air-cleaning methods is great, mainly because the present theories about electric charges and electric fields are based on his work. 

A problem with the early MWD mud pulse systems was the very slow rate of data transmission. Several minutes were needed to transmit one set of directional data. Anadrill working with a Mobil patent [100] developed in the early 1980s a continuous wave system with a much faster data rate. It became possible to transmit many more drilling data, and also to transmit logging data making LWD possible. Today, as many as 16 parameters can be transmitted in 16 s. The dream of the early pioneers has been more than fulfilled since azimuth, inclination, tool face, downhole weight-on-bit, downhole torque, shocks, caliper, resistivity, gamma ray, neutron, density, Pe, sonic and more can be transmitted in realtime to the rig floor and the main office. 

The role of the gas turbine is more familiar to many of us in the aircraft field. However, since Sir Frank Whittle invented the jet engine in the early pioneering years before the Second World War there has been rapid development in both output and efficiency of these machines, and today the gas turbine is a popular choice for electricity generation. 

The foregoing discussion shows that complicated facts require a continuous readjustment of the analytical theory. Historically, the theory of nonlinear oscillations progressed precisely in this manner in the hands of the early pioneers—Lord Rayleigh, van der Pol, Appleton, and others. The following sections give a brief account of some of these investigations. 

Already the early pioneering reviews in the field have mentioned safe operation in micro reactors even in the explosive regime as one of the most relevant drivers [71,... 

Since his early pioneering work on the rhizosphere (a term Hiltner used to describe specifically the interaction between bacteria and legume roots), our knowledge of the subject has greatly increased, and today perhaps a more appropriate definition of the rhizosphere is the field of action or influence of a root (1). The rhizosphere is generally considered to be a narrow zone of soil subject to the influence of living roots, where root exudates stimulate or inhibit microbial populations and their activities. The rhizoplane or root surface also provides a... 

Millions of species of micro-organisms have been discovered since the early pioneers of microbiology started to give them names and many thousands of different bacteria, moulds and yeasts have been found in a wide range of industrial water based products. 

The properties of carbenes are also expected to depend very greatly on the electronic characteristics of substituents bound to the divalent carbon. For example, many carbenes with heteroatomic elements attached directly to the central carbon are calculated to have single ground states (Mueller et al., 1981). The early, pioneering work on the stereochemistry of the reaction of carbenes with olefins was done with dibromocarbene (Skell and Garner,... 

Somei adapted this chemistry to syntheses of (+)-norchanoclavine-I, ( )-chanoclavine-I, ( )-isochanoclavine-I, ( )-agroclavine, and related indoles [243-245, 248]. Extension of this Heck reaction to 7-iodoindoline and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol led to a synthesis of the alkaloid annonidine A [247]. In contrast to the uneventful Heck chemistry of allylic alcohols with 4-haloindoles, reaction of thallated indole 186 with 2-methyl-4-trimethylsilyl-3-butyn-2-ol affords an unusual l-oxa-2-sila-3-cyclopentene indole product [249]. Hegedus was also an early pioneer in exploring Heck reactions of haloindoles [250-252], Thus, reaction of 4-bromo-l-(4-toluenesulfonyl)indole (11) under Heck conditions affords 4-substituted indoles 222 [250], Murakami described the same reaction with ethyl acrylate [83], and 2-iodo-5-(and 7-) azaindoles undergo a Heck reaction with methyl acrylate [19]. 

As a result of the work of early pioneers like Berzelius and Kekule reports on studies of materials we now recognize as high molecular weight, the natural polymers as well as those inadvertent tars from work performed in the pursuit of other goals, frequently used the term, polymer. 

Several MC and MD studies of interfacial water near hydrophobic surfaces have been reported (33-36,44-48). Both of the MC studies (35,45). as well as the four MD studies (33,34,36,47) reporting detailed observations of interfacial water are discussed here. This comparison will show that choice of the water-water potential is critical for such studies. It will also illustrate the wide range of interfacial properties which can be studied using computer simulations. Results from the early pioneering MC studies for interfacial water are summarized in Table IV. 

P.W. Arnold (1-3) was an early pioneer of the work at Rothamsted. The present research programme was begun by 0. Talibudeen (4-6), with whom I began collaboration in 1974. This paper summarises our results and my more recent work on exchange equilibria (4-16). 

Austria is one of Europe s early pioneers of fuel cell development. As early as the 1970s, Professor K. Kordesch of the University of Graz constructed a vehicle equipped with an alkaline fuel cell supplied with pressurised hydrogen. Austrian MFC work has primarily been "horizontal" across a number of broad R D activities. 

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