Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment WEEE

Directive 2002/96/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (2003) Official Journal ofthe European Union, L37 13/02/2003, 24-39. 

Keywords Brominated flame retardants, E-waste, Substance Flow Analysis SFA, Informal Recycling, Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment WEEE... 

Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and 69 ratified the ban on all kinds of hazardous waste export from wealthy OECD-countries to non-OECD countries, large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are shipped overseas for recycling, the majority to China as reported by Brigden et al. [2] and Puckett et al. [3], lesser quantities to India and Western Africa reported by Kuper and Hojsik [4]. WEEE contains a variety of harmful substances like endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Additionally, hazardous substances may be formed during informal recycling. This often practised informal treatment without proper equipment for metal extraction and labour safety heavily affects the environment and human health of workers and the inhabitants of whole stretches of land. 

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) legislation, 20 60 Waste exchanges, 21 407 Waste facilities, design of, 21 842 Waste fuel... 

P.A. Tarantili, A.N. Mitsakaki, and M.A. Petoussi, Processing and properties of engineering plastics recycled from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), Polym. Degrad. Stab., In Press, Accepted Manuscript, 2010. 

Schlummer, M., Maurer, A., et al (2006) Report recycling of flame-retarded plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). Waste Management and Research, 24(6) 573-583. 

Today important flows of plastics originate in mandatory recycling schemes, such as those imposed by take-back obligations on packaging, End-of life vehicles, or waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). For such materials, the drive for collection and recycling is not normally economic, but mandatory. In snch cases, there is often a dump fee, to be paid for farther processing a stream of waste plastics into recycled products. The value of such fees varies from some 50 /tonne for injection into blast fnmaces in the European Community to as much as 50-100 kYen ( 370-750 /tonne)... 

Other items such as medical devices and meters that use plastic parts are exempt from the RoHS requirement until such time as the EU sees fit to come up with specifications before including them. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) are defined as those requiring electricity or electromagnetic fields to operate them and most of the modern equipment contains plastics to some extent. 

The analysis of plastics for hazardous metals e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr(total) and Hg is now essential on all products including plastics used in electric and electronic equipment sold within the European states. Directives for these products have been issued under Packaging Directive , End of Life Vehicle (ELV), Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), and have been introduced to control the risk to health and waste disposal in the environment. The listed metals have been used extensively in the past as pigments, stabilisers and catalysts, especially PVC, and these toxic elements can be released over time into the environment. Therefore, polymer producers are advised that future products be lower than EU values or free of these metals. 

There is no shortage of examples that we could cite sorting technologies do exist, but they need to be improved and used in accordance with the particular source at hand. It is fruitless to put sensors in place to eliminate bromide plastics if we have NO polypropylene (PP) fiem waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or W3E) in the sources of EOL plastics. W3E does often contain bromine, unlike other sources. 

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook... 

Over recent years, much environmental legislation appeared (mostly imposed on manufacturing industry). Energy Using Products (EuP), Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP), RoHS and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), to name but a few that directly impact on the manufacturing sectors that produce or use... 

The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations will ensure that Britain complies with its EU obligation to recycle waste from electrical products. The regulations came into effect in July 2007 and from that date... 

Yang X, Sun L, Xiang J, Hu S, Su S. Pyrolysis and dehalogenation of plastics fiom waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) a review. Waste Manag 2013 33 (2) 462—473. 

Brominated compounds will continue to hold much of the engineering plastics sector and thereby some dominance in the electrical and electronics (E E) sector. They will continue to be the most significant products because they are the most cost effective (and efficient) solution to many plastics flame retardancy applications. The EU Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive and its effect on recycling plus the debate about fire safety versus environmental issues (especially in domestic appliances) will continue to attract much attention. 

They had planned to include a phase-out of PBDEs in the disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, in spite of the fact that preliminary conclusions under EU risk assessments indicated that there was no need for risk reduction from the two types, deeaBDE and octaBDE, mainly used in such equipment. 

The surprise move by the EC in mid-2000 to make three separate pieces of legislation out of a single original draft directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) served to concentrate attention on brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in such applications. 

The bromine industry became concerned in early 2000 about the formal proposal from the EC to mandate increased levels of recycling for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The BSEF stated that the requirement to separate all WEEE containing halogenated flame retardants would increase costs for collection and disposal. This is in complete contrast to Japanese copier makers who were specifying the very same halogenated flame retardants on grounds of the relative ease of recycling them. 

Levels of BFR containing plastics in the household waste are unlikely to exceed even 3% under the new EU Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Hence, BFR plastics are compatible with WEEE solutions such as feedstock and energy recovery. 

End-of-use requirements have evolved and the healthcare industry is not an exception to the newer standards. These include Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 1002/96/EC that is in place in the European Union. In this standard, OEMs are required to be responsible for collection and treatment of materials at end of life. 

ICP-OES, along with ICP-MS and X-ray fluorescence (XRE), is used for the analysis of the materials in electronic equipment. The EU has established directives on the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the restriction of the use of hazardous substances (RoHS) in electronic equipment sold in, into, and out of the EU. The maximum allowable quantities in electrical equipment of the following hazardous substances are 0.1% by weight for Pb, hexava-lent chromium (CrVI), mercury, and polybrominated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 0.01% by weight for Cd. Pb, Hg, Cd, and total Cr can be measured by ICP-OES, while the determination of hexavalent chromium requires a separation step in order to determine the oxidation state. This can be done using a hyphenated instrument, described in the following. Total bromine can also be measured by ICP-OES, but the determination of the PBDEs is generally done by GC-MS, described in Chapter 12. The WEEE/RoHS requirements have led many instrument manufacturers to have an installed method template for such analyses in their software. 

EU-Directive 2002/96/EC Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and RoHS, Directive on Restrictions of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment" OfficialJotimal of the European Union, 46[L37], 24-38 (2003). 

Typically, the plastics waste created by the electric and electronic field is 15-30%, hence, the recycling quotas cannot be fulfilled solely by state-of-the-art metal and glass recycling. The European Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive defines strict recycling and recovery quotas (EC2003a) namely, 70-80% for recovery and 50-75% for recycling strategies, which will eventually apply to all countries and will increase in the future therefore, it is... 

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