Electronics and electrical equipment

There has been a rapid growth of the demand for plastics from less than 20 billion pounds in 1970 to nearly 50 billion pounds consumed in the United States in 1986, mostly due to the substitution of traditional raw materials. All over the world, plastics have replaced metals, glass, ceramics, wood papers, and natural fibers in a wide variety of industries including packaging, consumer products, automobiles, building and construction, electronics and electrical equipment, appliances, furniture, piping, and heavy industrial equipment [57-121]. Consumption patterns of PBAs in some countries are shown in Tabies 1 and 2. 

Most of the impact is created by providing the materials contained in the product. This includes production of waste and consumption of energy in producing the raw materials. Typical high impact materials would include rare metals, natural extracts such as perfume ingredients, and energy intensive materials such as bricks and concrete. Electronic and electrical equipment are typical of products in this category. 

It is briefly reported that the European Parliament s environment committee has proposed a ban on the use of brominated flame retardants octabromodiphenylether and decabromodiphenylether, used in plastics and textiles, on health and environmental grounds. The two substances are scheduled to be banned from use in electronic and electrical equipment under separate EC draft legislation. The committee s decision has been announced before risk assessments of octa-BDE and deca-BDE for the commission have been completed. 

The respondents who showed the most interest in life prediction were cable manufacturers, electrical distribution authorities, gas distribution authorities, nuclear power station designers and operators, and the aircraft industry. Interest was less, but nevertheless increasing, among the manufacturers of small electronic and electrical equipment and computers, many of whom use polymers principally for housings and similar components. 

MED is part of the global electronics leader, Siemens AG, which ranks first among the world s electronics and electrical equipment companies, with 74 billion in sales and more than 425,000 employees. 

Polymeric materials used for electrical insulation have to exhibit not only good electrical properties, but also good mechanical properties and good appearance. In addition to reliable electrical performance, thermal stability is important, mainly for miniaturized electronic and electrical equipment. Long-term stability at temperatures in the range of 90-125°C (194-257°P) is... 

Cadmium is widely used in industry for metal coating, pigments and paints, batteries, and in solder alloys. Its principal use is in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries required for portable electronic and electrical equipments. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the total world refinery production in 1997 rose to 19,500 tons from 18,900 tons a year. 

On April 1, 2008, the European Court of Justice ruled that the European Commission used improper procedures to exempt deca-BDE from RoHS Directive. The ruling did not question positive EU Risk Assessment outcome of deca-BDE. The outcome of this April 1 ruling was that deca-BDE was banned in the use of electronic and electrical equipment after June 30, 2008. 

However, especially brominated flame retardants are creating problems when electronic and electrical equipment reach end of life. If landfilled, toxic brominated flame retardants may slowly leach ont into the groundwater, where they persist for several years or they can evolve into the air. If waste materials are burned toxic polybrominated dioxins and furans can be formed [53, 50]. 

A. Homung, W. Koch and H. Seifert, Haloclean and PYDRA - a dual staged pyrolysis plant for the recycling waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). Metals and Energy Recovery, International Symposium, Skelleftea, Sweden, 25-26 June 2003. 

The control unit can also be isolated from the hazardous area with an appropriate barrier according to code. To understand the appropriate placement of electronic and electrical equipment in hazardous locations, review The NFPA s National Electrical Code, referred to as NFPA 70. Articles 500-516 are particularly relevant. 

Restrictions for lead are included in the EU Directive on Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment [144] and EU Directive on Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive [145], the EU End-of-Life-Vehicle [146] Directive. 

Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parhament and Council of 8 June 2011 regarding the restriction of use of certain hazardous substances in electronic and electrical equipment, OJEU, no. L 174/2011, pp. 88-110. 

Agricultural fumigants, such as methyl bromide and phosphine, are used to disinfect food products. Phosphine in combination with carbon dioxide and humidity is corrosive to copper and electronic and electrical equipment in food processing area. 

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) is the shortened form for Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. It was adopted by the European Union in February 2003 [9]. In July 2006, the RoHS 1 directive took effect and was required to be enforced in each member state [10]. Each member state used the directive as a guide to establish its own enforcement and implementatiOTi policies. This directive restricts (with some exceptions) the use of certain hazardous materials in the manufacturing of various types of electronic and electrical equipment The hazardous materials include lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), [10]. 

The RoHS 2 directive is a modified form of the original directive and took effect in January 2013. It addresses the same substances as the original one with improved conditions. This newer directive requires periodic reevaluations to ease a gradual broadening of its requirements to cover additional electronic and electrical equipment. Products within the RoHS 2 directive must display the CE mark (a logo indicating compliance), the manufacturer s name and address, and a batch or serial number. Manufacturers have to also keep various forms of documentation. 

The Waste and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) sets collection, recycling, and recovery targets for electrical goods. It is closely linked to the RoHS directive (previously described), which (with exceptions) restricts the use of certain hazardous materials in the manufacture of electronic and electrical equipment. 

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) restricts (with some exceptions) the use of certain hazardous materials in the manufacturing of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. These hazardous materials include lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr " ), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). 

Analysis of Five Community Consumer/Residential Collections End-of-Life Electronic and Electrical Equipment, U.S. EPA, EPA-901-R-98-003, April 1999. 

Product take-back requirements for electronics continue to spring up around the world. In Ontario, the government added electronics and electrical equipment of all kinds to the list of items that are to be diverted from disposal. The plan is to require a company called Waste Diversion Ontario to develop a program to handle the diversion of waste electronics from the municipal waste stream. ... 

RoHS Directive, The Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, this Directive 2002/95/EC establishes standards and limits for the hazardous material content in electronic and electrical equipment. The Directive went into effect on February 13, 2003. It is scheduled to become European national law by August 13,2004 for be in force for products by July 1, 2006. Banned or restricted substances include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, certain brominated flame retardants (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). 

Raising public awareness of solutions and problems associated with science and technology also becomes more pressing as engineering artefacts pervade more and more into our daily lives. A fine example of this linked into the recent European Union directive on managing waste associated with electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). The legal aspects of this directive are profound making manufacturers responsible for the eventual disposal of... 

The major use of silicone elastomers is in aircraft where high and low temperature properties and electrical insulation characteristics are utilized, e.g., gaskets, sealing strips, ducting and cable insulation. Liquid room-temperature vulcanizing silicone elastomers are used for the encapsulation of electronic and electrical equipment. 

Working and access clearance is necessary around electronic and electrical equipment including powerpanels. TheNational Electrical Code should be consulted. 

There continue to be perception issues over some species of flame retardants, specifically relating to persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Most of these PBT issues are legislatively mandated in the European Union (EU), but these issues are beginning to show up at the state level in the United States and at the national level in Japan and a few other Pacific Rim nations. In addition to PBT issues, there is an increased requirement for recycling plastics used in commercial products, which is most prevalent in the area of information technology equipment (ITE). ITE sale and use in the EU is covered by the Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) protocol, which dictates that plastics used for ITE need to be either recycled or incinerated after use. Due to the perception issues behind halogenated flame retardants, some have been deselected for ITE applications in favor of nonhalogenated flame retardants. So with the emphasis... 

Keywords Hydrothermal degradation, waste electronic and electric equipment, process,... 

EMI refers to EM energy that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electrical equipment. It is any EM disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics and electrical equipment. It can be induced intentionally, as in some forms of electronic warfare, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions and responses, intermodulation products, and the like. EMI is a system safety concern because many safety-critical electronic systems... 

In terms of composition, earthquake waste is predominantly construction and demolition waste, that is, waste generated from the demolition of earthquake-affected structures and infrastructure. Waste materials may include metal, concrete, brick, timber, plasterboard, pipes, asphalt, etc. In some cases, where buildings collapse during the earthquake or where buildings are not safe to enter following the earthquake, the waste will include the contents of the building. This could include personal property (e.g., essential documents, money, mobile phones), carpet, furniture, electronic and electrical equipment, plastics, paper, whiteware, putrescible waste, and potentially hazardous materials stored on site (e.g., gas cylinders, oils, pesticides). The exact composition of this waste will depend on the type of building construction and nature of the earthquake impacts. 

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