Equipment containment

The gas leaving the heat recovery equipment contains soot and ash some ash is deposited in the bottom of the reactor for removal during periodic inspection shutdowns. The gas passes to a quench vessel containing multiple water-sprays which scmb most of the soot from the gas. Additional heat recovery can be accompHshed downstream of the quench vessel by heat exchange of the gas with cold feed water. Product gas contains less than 5 ppm soot. 

Inside batteTy limit (ISBL) is the limit of the processing faciUty and the equipment contained therein. 

The flash point of aniline (70°C) is well above its normal storage temperature but, aniline should be stored and used in areas with minimum fire hazard (70). Air should not be allowed to enter equipment containing aniline Hquid or vapor at temperatures equal to or above its flash point. 

The equipment in which the dust is handled or stored should be designed to contain the pressure resulting from an internal explosion. Most dusts show maximum pressures of ca 345—700 kPa (50—100 psi) however, the rate of pressure rise changes from ca 700 to 70,000 kPa/s (100—10,000 psi/s). Equipment-containment design can be coupled with explosive-venting design for the equipment and the building. 

More recentiy, sulfuric acid mists have been satisfactorily controlled by passing gas streams through equipment containing beds or mats of small-diameter glass or Teflon fibers. Such units are called mist eliminators (see Airpollution control methods). Use of this type of equipment has been a significant factor in making the double absorption process economical and in reducing stack emissions of acid mist to tolerably low levels. 

Fire as a Cause of Overpressure - Equipment in a plant area handling flammable fluids is subject to potential exposure to external fire, which may lead to overpressure resulting from vaporization of contained liquids. This hazard may exist even in items of equipment containing nonflammable materials. 

Closed drain headers are normally provided for safe drainage of equipment containing severely toxic, corrosive, pollutant or high cost chemicals (e.g., phenol, sulfuric acid, monoethanolamine, sulfur dioxide, catacarb) where there is an appreciable inventory in a number of processing vessels in a plant. The header should be at least 50 mm in diameter, and should be tied into the major vessels and equipment with 25 mm minimum size connections (20 mm is considered adequate for pumps). The header may be routed to a gravity drain drum (with recovery to the process by pump or gas pressurization), or to a pumpout pump returning to the process, or in the case of sulfuric acid, to an acid blowdown drum. 

For equipment containing materials which become unstable at elevated temperature or freeze at low temperature, is it possible to use heating and cooling media which limit the maximum and minimum temperatures attainable ... 

Damper section A section of HVAC equipment containing a damper or valve. 

Package units Air-handling equipment containing all the components together in a common casing. 

In Division 1 areas, meters, instruments, relays, and similar equipment containing high-temperature or arcing devices must be installed in approved explosion-proof or purged enclosures. Unless such devices are specifically labeled as suitable for Class I, Division 1 areas, it is best to assume they are not suitable. 

The source of ignition of the polyethylene glycol was probably autoignition of the degraded material. The report recommends the use of nonabsorbent insulation for equipment containing heat-sensitive materials such as EO [19, 20]. 

Steam drums (top drums) often are difficult to enter or move around in because of the fixed mechanical equipment contained within the confined space. It should not be assumed that this equipment has always been correctly reinstalled after any previous inspection or maintenance programs. Consequently, steam drums should first be inspected for proper location, orientation, and anchoring of steam separators, FW lines, baffles, continuous BD lines, and chemical injection lines. 

A plate attached to boilers, valves, and other equipment containing officially required data pertaining to operational rating and safety issues. 

Butanol gave rise to aluminium tributanoate when it came into contact with equipment containing aluminium. The equipment detonated because of the overpressure created by the hydrogen formed. The exothermicity of this reaction is also a risk factor. 

For some substances safety considerations play a large role in deciding operating conditions. For instance, the pressure within equipment containing a toxic substance may be kept below atmospheric pressure to prevent it from coming in contact with employees. On the other hand, some highly explosive materials may be kept a pressure above atmospheric so that air cannot enter the equipment and cause an explosion. 

The total exclusion of air from vessels and equipment containing peroxide formers, and the establishment and observing of strict shelf life limitations, are basic strategies for managing peroxide-forming hazards. 

The potential for the condensation and fractional distillation of air on the outside of equipment containing cryogenic liquids with boiling points less than that of 02 must be considered. For example, because N2 boils at a lower temperature than 02 (-196 versus -183°C), air can condense on the outside of liquid N2-bearing piping. The liquid that drops off of the piping will be enriched in 02 and can pose an enhanced fire or explosion risk in the vicinity of the equipment. 

Inadequate cleanout of equipment containing spontaneously combustible substances, prior to opening to the air for maintenance... 

Hot work in area or on equipment containing self-reactive material... 

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