End-of-life vehicles

As much as a quarter of a flexible foam block can be wasted in downstream processing into flnished products. Thanks to the efforts of process technologists and engineers, this scrap material can be recycled by at least 17 basic methods. However, only a few have found significant practical applications. Most other PU scrap ends up as uncollectable domestic waste with perhaps one key exception, materials from end-of-life vehicles. WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL Accession no. 709465... 

MIXED COMBUSTION OF AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUES WITH MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE A SOUND ROUTE TO ENERGY RECOVERY FROM END OF LIFE VEHICLES... 

This paper considers plastics and their positive role during the lifetime of a car, the case of end-of-life vehicles, energy recovery from shredding refuse by means of co-... 

This paper explores the use of plastics in cars to make them more environmentally friendly. It lists major environmental issues. It then discusses in detail the positive role of plastics during the lifetime of a car (more plastics means less fuel consumption), the fact that automotive plastic parts are user-friendly and safe, the current and future uses of plastics in cars, recovery options for plastics in end-of-life vehicles, mechanical recycling (which is the best recovery option for many large automotive parts), energy recovery (the solution for small plastic parts), and feedstock (or chemical) recycling. Lastly, the way forward is considered. 

End-of-life money flows, 9 540 End of Life Vehicle (ELV) regulations, 9 720, 721... 

DIRECTIVE ON END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES AND THE RUBBER INDUSTRY - RUBBER AND TOXIC MATERIALS... 

ABS from vehicles ABS from recycled end-of-life vehicles ... 

Nike, Lego, Mattel, and Sony are some of the companies that have already phased-out PVC plastic. Ford, Peugeot, Daimler Benz, Opel, Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes Benz, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota are all adopting PVC restrictions. These initiatives are driven by the EU Directive on End-of-Life Vehicles which requires automakers to meet reuse/recovery target of 85% of scrap vehicles by weight byJanuary 2006. 

Pressure for substitution also existed for the material PVC due to the public PVC discussion and also indirectly due to the DIRECTIVE 2000/53/EC on end-of life vehicles. Distnantlable nndeibody hard shells made of polypropylene are snit-able to solve these problems. However, the design of the nnderbody has to be adapted to the use of a hard shell, which can ultimately only be achieved in combination with a change of model. 

EC 1907/2006). As the name implies, it deals with the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemical substances. The new law entered into force on 1 June 2007. The aim of REACH is to improve the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the intrinsic properties of chemical substances.156 The ELV (End of Life Vehicles) directive aims to reduce the amount of environmentally unfriendly waste from ELVs. Similar initiatives are well developed in Japan and are evolving in China157 and many other countries. In the United States, at the state level, some states (for example, Maine and California) are adopting material restrictions on PVC plasticizers and certain brominated FRs. 

Today important flows of plastics originate in mandatory recycling schemes, such as those imposed by take-back obligations on packaging, End-of life vehicles, or waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE). For such materials, the drive for collection and recycling is not normally economic, but mandatory. In snch cases, there is often a dump fee, to be paid for farther processing a stream of waste plastics into recycled products. The value of such fees varies from some 50 /tonne for injection into blast fnmaces in the European Community to as much as 50-100 kYen ( 370-750 /tonne)... 

Waste from the automotive industry, particularly from end-of-life-vehicles (ELV), has been identified by the E.U. as another priority waste stream. After dismantling larger parts suitable for mechanical recycling, the vehicle is shredded, the metal fraction (about 75%) is removed, and the remaining residue is known as automotive shredder residue (ASR),... 

The Home Appliances Recycling Law came into full force in 2001 and is to be revised within a few years. In such processes, not only the plastic cases, but also printed circuit boards are recycled, the Law for Recycling End-of-Life Vehicles passed through the Parliament, 2002. Clearly this law should promote the recycling of automotive shredder residue. 

The analysis of plastics for hazardous metals e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr(total) and Hg is now essential on all products including plastics used in electric and electronic equipment sold within the European states. Directives for these products have been issued under Packaging Directive , End of Life Vehicle (ELV), Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), and have been introduced to control the risk to health and waste disposal in the environment. The listed metals have been used extensively in the past as pigments, stabilisers and catalysts, especially PVC, and these toxic elements can be released over time into the environment. Therefore, polymer producers are advised that future products be lower than EU values or free of these metals. 

Restrictions for lead are included in the EU Directive on Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment [144] and EU Directive on Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive [145], the EU End-of-Life-Vehicle [146] Directive. 

End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) In 2012 Reuse and recycling 79.8% Reuse and recovery 81.5% 85% of material from ELVs must be recycled or reused and 95% recovered in 2015... 

In Europe, end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and packaging are subject to legislatiorts trying to improve their recychng. Note that, in a global market, local legislation has repercussions on the whole planet. 

SCH 13] Schmid A., Naquin A., Gourdon R., Incidence of the level of deconstruction on material reuse, recycling and recovery from end-of life vehicles an industrial-scale experimental Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 72, pp. 118-126,2013. 

Figure 7.6 End-of-life vehicles per annum in Western Europe up to 1995 and estimated to 2015 (the estimations assume a life of ten years and exports to the eastern block and third world countries of 10% of the recorded end-of-life vehicles) [6].

Figure 7,14 A forecast of the growth of heat stabilised glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 66 present in end-of-life vehicles (elv).

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