Electric and electronics equipment

Sulfur hexafluoride [2551-62-4] 6 molecular weight 146.07, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It is not flammable and not particularly reactive. Its high chemical stabiUty and excellent electrical characteristics have led to widespread use in various kinds of electrical and electronic equipment such as circuit breakers, capacitors, transformers, microwave components, etc (see Electronic materials). Other properties of the gas have led to limited usage in a variety of unique appHcations ranging from medical appHcations to space research. 

By using direct mechanical action from the artificial muscle, it would be possible to produce reliable sensing and control devices without electrical and electronic equipment. Another interesting application would be to drive prosthetic devices where the action would be similar to the muscle reaction in the body. This unusual type of chemically induced motion should be an interesting one to explore for the solution of unusual problems where conventional approaches do not work. 

A pilot study initiated by BASF and Zentralverband der Elektrotechnishen Industrie to investigate the pyrolytic recycling of plastics and metals from electrical and electronic equipment is examined. 

Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (2003) Official Journal of the European Union, L i7ll9- i7l2 i. 

European Community European Economic Community Electrical and Electronic Equipment European Norm European Prestandard Environmental Protection Agency (USA)... 

To illustrate the concept of external (or damage) cost, we can first look at the emissions from Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) to the air. The different points leading to the evaluation of emission s impact are the following [36] ... 

The second possibility is the European waste legislation, which includes the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS). The RoHS Directive is closely linked with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) which sets collection, recycling, and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of toxic e-waste. 

For this purpose, the WEEE Directive has been complemented with an additional directive that limits the use of certain pollutants in these products. The EC Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) ([7], recast 2011 [9]) restricts the use of the six harmful substances/substance families lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) to 0.1% and cadmium to 0.01% w/w per homogenous material in equipment and components, but with several exemptions for a wide range of applications (Annex III and IV). 

In the sector of electrical and electronic equipment, the RoHS Directive, as explained, has successfully resulted in reduction of hazardous chemicals in line with goals of the RISKCYCLE project and has reduced many problems. This raises... 

Isolating agent in small capacitors Cl < 42% Closed Waste from electric and electronic equipment/ household waste Possible in state-of-the-art sorting plants... 

Friege H (2012) Resource recovery from used electric and electronic equipment alternative options for resource conservation, Waste Mgt Res 30(9)... 

EC (2012) Directive 2012/... /EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) - Recast, http //www.dataserv-gmbh.de/ wer wir sind/news DE.html. Accessed 15 June 2012... 

EEA - European Environmental Agency (2003) Waste from electric and electronic equipment -quantities, dangerous substances and treatment methods. http //eea.eioneLeuropa.eu/Public/irc/ eionet-circle/etc waste/library l=/working j>apers/weeepdf/ EN 1.0 a=d. Accessed 12 Nov 2010... 

EU s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and RoHS. 267... 

EU (2003) Directive 2002/96/EC of the European parliament and the council of 27 Jan 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) - joint declaration of the European parliament, the council and the commission relating to article 9. http //eurlex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do uri=CELEX 32002L0096 EN NOT. Accessed 25 July 2011... 

Manomaivibool P (2009) Extended producer responsibility in a non-OECD context the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment in India. Resour Conserv Recycl 53(3) 136-144... 

Sepuveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hageliien C, Gerecke AC (2009) A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling examples from China and India. Environ Impact Assess Rev 30(l) 28-48. doi 10.1016/j.eiar.2009.04.001... 

Keywords Brominated flame retardants, E-waste, Substance Flow Analysis SFA, Informal Recycling, Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment WEEE... 

Annex 1 Flame Retardants in Electric and Electronic Equipment Based on Morf et al. [11],... 

Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and 69 ratified the ban on all kinds of hazardous waste export from wealthy OECD-countries to non-OECD countries, large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are shipped overseas for recycling, the majority to China as reported by Brigden et al. [2] and Puckett et al. [3], lesser quantities to India and Western Africa reported by Kuper and Hojsik [4]. WEEE contains a variety of harmful substances like endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Additionally, hazardous substances may be formed during informal recycling. This often practised informal treatment without proper equipment for metal extraction and labour safety heavily affects the environment and human health of workers and the inhabitants of whole stretches of land. 

In 2003, the European WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EG [5] was implemented to reduce the amount of electronic waste and foster reuse, recovery and recycling of electric and electronic equipment. Closely connected to this, the restriction of hazardous substances Directive 2002/95/EG [6] (RoHS) was adopted by the EC in 2003 with the aim to restrict the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electric and electronic products. 

Since the implementation of the RoHS Directive, many problems have already been addressed and hazardous components have been limited or banned. The outcome of the RISKCYCLE project and further research initiatives could be a reason to extend the scope of the directive either by a broader scope (not only electrical and electronic equipment) or by extending the catalogue of restricted substances (Annex II of the Directive). 

The carbon black generated by a fire from a rubber source increases the smoke density other products are highly toxic and often corrosive. The halogens, phosphates, borates, and their acids evolved during a fire corrode metals and electrical and electronic equipment. Hence many of the fire retardants described below cannot be used in situations where the toxic gases evolved will create their own hazards. In these cases inorganic hydroxides are used, at filler-type addition levels. Aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are used as non-toxic fire retardant systems. 

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