Electrical/electronic equipment waste

Waste electrical electronic equipment (WEEE) is being selectively collected in an increasing number of E.U. countries, so that this stream can be considered available and harnessed. ASR is available at car shredding plants. 

Directive 2002-96-EC 27 Jan 2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment, commonly abbreviated as WEEE. 

TABLE 5 Substances and Components that must be Removed from Separately Collected Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste... 

Directive 2002/96/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (2003) Official Journal ofthe European Union, L37 13/02/2003, 24-39. 

To illustrate the concept of external (or damage) cost, we can first look at the emissions from Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) to the air. The different points leading to the evaluation of emission s impact are the following [36] ... 

The second possibility is the European waste legislation, which includes the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS). The RoHS Directive is closely linked with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) which sets collection, recycling, and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of toxic e-waste. 

Isolating agent in small capacitors Cl < 42% Closed Waste from electric and electronic equipment/ household waste Possible in state-of-the-art sorting plants... 

Friege H (2012) Resource recovery from used electric and electronic equipment alternative options for resource conservation, Waste Mgt Res 30(9)... 

EEA - European Environmental Agency (2003) Waste from electric and electronic equipment -quantities, dangerous substances and treatment methods. http //eea.eioneLeuropa.eu/Public/irc/ eionet-circle/etc waste/library l=/working j>apers/weeepdf/ EN 1.0 a=d. Accessed 12 Nov 2010... 

EU s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and RoHS. 267... 

Manomaivibool P (2009) Extended producer responsibility in a non-OECD context the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment in India. Resour Conserv Recycl 53(3) 136-144... 

Keywords Brominated flame retardants, E-waste, Substance Flow Analysis SFA, Informal Recycling, Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment WEEE... 

Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and 69 ratified the ban on all kinds of hazardous waste export from wealthy OECD-countries to non-OECD countries, large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are shipped overseas for recycling, the majority to China as reported by Brigden et al. [2] and Puckett et al. [3], lesser quantities to India and Western Africa reported by Kuper and Hojsik [4]. WEEE contains a variety of harmful substances like endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Additionally, hazardous substances may be formed during informal recycling. This often practised informal treatment without proper equipment for metal extraction and labour safety heavily affects the environment and human health of workers and the inhabitants of whole stretches of land. 

In 2003, the European WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EG [5] was implemented to reduce the amount of electronic waste and foster reuse, recovery and recycling of electric and electronic equipment. Closely connected to this, the restriction of hazardous substances Directive 2002/95/EG [6] (RoHS) was adopted by the EC in 2003 with the aim to restrict the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electric and electronic products. 

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) legislation, 20 60 Waste exchanges, 21 407 Waste facilities, design of, 21 842 Waste fuel... 

The introduction of EU directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Reduction of Hazardous Substances has highlighted the need for precise and repeatable elemental analysis of heavy metals in the plastics production process. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy has emerged as the most economical and effective analytical tool for achieving this. A set of certified standards, known as TOXEL, is now available to facilitate XRF analyses in PE. Calibration with TOXEL standards is simplified by the fact that XRF is a multi-element technique. Therefore a single set of the new standards can be used to calibrate several heavy elements, covering concentrations from trace level to several hundred ppm. This case study is the analysis of heavy metals in PE using an Epsilon 5 XRF spectrometer. 

The move by the European Commission to make three separate pieces of legislation out of an original single draft directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment has probably served to intensify the focus onbrominated flame retardants in these applications. Under the draft, EU countries shall ensure that the use of lead, mercury,... 

The German Environmental Ministry is reported to have attacked European proposals to ban substances such as specific flame retardants in forthcoming regulations for recycling electrical and electronic equipment. Initial proposals from the EU Commission on the disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment, include a phaseout of PBDEs, despite preliminary findings under EU risk assessment that there is no need for risk reduction from the two types, decaBDE and octaBDE mainly used in such equipment. The Ministry is said to be concerned at the excessively prescriptive and restrictive system being proposed, and that substance restrictions should not be addressed in waste legislation, but should be based on life cycle risk assessments. 

Proposals to ban two types of brominated flame retardants in electrical and electronic goods are raising controversy in Bmssels. The EU DG XI (Environment) is circulating a draft proposed directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment under which polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers would be banned by 1 January 2004. The proposal is circulating despite risk assessments which show that there is no particular cause for concern and no need for further risk assessment. 

European Parliament and Council in their Proposal for a Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (COM/2000/0347 final), See http // europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga doc sma rtapi celexplus prod CELEXnumdoc lg= en numdoc=52000PC0347(01)... 

Lymberidi, E. (2001). Towards Waste-Free Electrical and Electronic Equipment. The examples are cited from Tadatomo Suga, University of Tokyo, Good practice on the substitution of heavy metals in... 

R. Balart, L. Sanchez, J. L6pez, and A. Jimenez, Kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadi-ene-styrene mixtures from waste electric and electronic equipment,... 

P.A. Tarantili, A.N. Mitsakaki, and M.A. Petoussi, Processing and properties of engineering plastics recycled from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), Polym. Degrad. Stab., In Press, Accepted Manuscript, 2010. 

Parts cleaning and stripping are integral process operations for industries that repair, maintain, or manufacture parts and equipment. Manufacturing groups generating metal wastes include metal furniture manufacturers, metal fabricators, machinery manufacturers, electric and electronic equipment manufacturers, instrument manufacturers, and many others. 

The environmental impact of waste disposal and of chemical use in Europe has led to three legislative actions that, in today s global economy, greatly affect flame-retardant use and research. These actions go by the acronyms of RoHS (Reduction of Hazardous Substances), WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), and REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemical substances). These actions are discussed in detail in Chapter 22, but need to be mentioned here as they are clear examples of how changing regulations affect flame-retardant use, selection, and new fire-safety developments. The first one, RoHS, refers to how new items are manufactured, and specifically bans chemicals and elements of environmental and toxicological concern in Europe. One fall-out item of RoHS is the move from a lead-based solder on circuit... 

The predominant regulations in the EU impacting flame-retardants have been the Restriction of the Use of certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) Directive, Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, and more recently the REACH Regulation. While RoHS and WEEE only deal with electrical and electronic equipment as defined in the directives, REACH impacts all substances manufactured and used in the EU. 

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