Virus vectors

Palese, P, and Roizman, B., 1996. Genetic engineering of viruses and of virus vectors A preface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 93 11287-11425. A preface to a. series of papers from a colloquium on genetic engineering and mediods in gene dierapy. 

Park J, Nadeau P, Zucah JR, Johnson CM, Mergia A (2005) Inhibition of simian immunodeficiency virus by foamy virus vectors expressing siRNAs. Virology 343 275-282... 

Boeckle S, Wagner E (2006) Optimizing targeted gene delivery chemical modification of viral vectors and synthesis of artificial virus vector systems. AAPS J 8 E731-E742... 

Excellent progress has been made in a relatively short period of time in demonstrating the potential of plant virus vectors not only as expression tools but also as elegant and efficient means for the administration of vaccine antigens by different routes. The targets seem to be unlimited. 

Virus vector containing host gene insert... 

Two types of DNA viruses have also been used in human gene therapy trials. Adenoviruses, double-stranded DNA viruses, can efficiently carry a larger gene into cells even if they are not dividing, but the genetic information does not become inserted into the cell s genetic material and the information may rapidly be lost. Adeno-associated virus vectors, made from small single-stranded... 

FIGURE 4.3 Schematic representation comparing the full and deconstructed virus vector strategies, (a) TMV expression vector, (b) Provector system for rapid assembly of viral amplicons in planta. P promoter, TMV Pol TMV polymerase, MP movement protein, GOI gene of interest, CP capsid protein, T terminator, RS recombination site. (Adapted from Gleba et al. (2004). Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 7, 182-188.)... 

Toth, R.L., Chapman, S., Carr, E, and Santa Cruz, S. (2001). A novel strategy for the expression of foreign genes from plant virus vectors. FEBS Lett. 489 215-219. 

Toth, R.L., Pogue, G.P, and Chapman, S. (2002). Improvement of the movement and host range properties of a plant virus vector through DNA shuffling. Plant J. 30(5) 593-600. 

A detailed description of plant virus vectors for expression of biopharmaceuticals is found in Chapter 4. The development of application of plant viral expression vectors for large-scale field trials involves many important issues. In order for production to be scaled up, it is necessary to have... 

Recombinant vaccines Vaccines that can deliver and penetrate intestinal wall via M cells Tetanus toxin, Salmonella strains, vaccinia virus vector... 

Eukaryotic Animal (recombinant) virus vectors Transient or lytic infection Infection in susceptible cells All essential viral genes strong promoter/enhancers polyadenylation signal intron sequences... 

Paoletti, E., Applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination an update. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996. 93(21) 11349-53. 

Manning, W.C., X. Paliard, S. Zhou, M. Pat Bland, A.Y. Lee, K. Hong, C.M. Walker, J.A. Escobedo, and V. Dwarki, Genetic immunization with adeno-associated virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins B and D. J Virol, 1997. 71(10) 7960-2. 

Glorioso, J.C., De Luca, N.A., Fink, D.J. (1995). Development and application of herpes simplex virus vectors for human gene therapy. Annu, Rev. Microbiol., 49, 675-710. 

Robertson, E.S., Ooka, T., Kieff, E.D. (1996). Epstein-Barr virus vectors for gene delivery to lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 11334-11340. 

Okada, H., Miyamura, K., Itoh, T., et al. (1996). Gene therapy against an experimental ghoma using adeno-associated virus vectors. Gene Ther., 3, 957-964. 

Another procedure for amplification cuts DNA containing the segment of interest into small pieces with a restriction enzyme. The cut pieces are incorporated into a plasmid or virus vector to be amplified in a suitable host. After growth, the mixture is plated to produce a mixture of bacterial or viral clones. The clone or clones of interest are identified often by hybridization of the clones after replica plating with a radioactive probe, followed by autoradiography to find the clone of interest. 

The ongoing clinical trials include the use of adenovirus and herpes virus vectors. One example of adenoviral vector is ONYX-015, which lacks E1B protein, required for replication with a normal p53 pathway and RNA export during viral replication. It has been used to treat squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and has also been tested as a preventive treatment for oral precancerous tissue. The concept behind using this vector is that ONYX-015 will proliferate in p53 pathway-deficient tumor cells and kill them. 

Flotte TR, Carter BJ. 1997. In vivo gene therapy associated with adeno-associated virus vectors for cystic fibrosis. Adv. Pharmacol. 40 85-101. 

Song S, Morgan M, Ellis T, Poirier A, et al. 1998. Sustained secretion of human-alpha-1 -antitrypsin from murine muscle transduced with adeno-associated virus vectors. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 95 14384-14388. 

Tsai TH, Chen SL, Xiao X, Chiang YH, et al. 2006. Gene therapy of focal cerebral ischemia using defective recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Front Biosci. 11 2061-2070. 

Inoue, T., Yamaza, H., Sakai, Y., Mizuno, S., Ohno, M., Hamasaki, N. et al. (1999) Position-independent human beta-globin gene expression mediated by a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector carrying the chicken beta-globin insulator. J. Hum. Genet., 44, 152-162. 

Kunke, D., Grimm, D., Denger, S., Kreuzer, J., Delius, H., Komitowski, D. and Kleinschmidt, J.A. (2000) Preclinical study on gene therapy of cervical carcinoma using adeno-associated virus vectors. Cancer Gene Then, 7, 766-777. 

Li, K.J. and Garoff, H. (1998) Packaging of the intron-containing genes into retrovirus vectors by alpha virus vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 3650-3654. 

Loeb, J.E., Cordier, W.S., Harris, M.E., Weitzman, M.D. and Hope, T.J. (1999) Enhanced expression of transgenes from adeno-associated virus vectors with the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element implications for gene therapy. Hum. Gene Then, 10, 2295-2305. 

Kaplitt, M.G., Xiao, X., Samulski, R.J., Li, J., Ojamaa, K., Klein, I.L. etal. (1996) Long-term gene transfer in porcine myocardium after coronary infusion of an adeno-associated virus vector. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 62, 1669-1676. Komowski, R., Fuchs, S., Epstein, S.E., Branellec, D. and Schwartz, B. (2000) Catheter-based plasmid-mediated transfer of genes into ischemic myocardium using the pCOR plasmid. Coron. Art. Dis., 11, 615-619. 

Mata M, Glorioso JC, Fink DJ. Targeted gene delivery to the nervous system using herpes simplex virus vectors. Physiol Behav. 2002 77 483-488. 

Wagner E, Culmsee C, Boeckle S (2005) Targeting of polyplexes toward synthetic virus vector systems. Adv Genet 53 333-354... 

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