Simian immunodeficiency virus

Park J, Nadeau P, Zucah JR, Johnson CM, Mergia A (2005) Inhibition of simian immunodeficiency virus by foamy virus vectors expressing siRNAs. Virology 343 275-282... 

Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Santra S, Sasseville VG, Simon MA, lifton MA, Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Dalesandro M, Scallon BJ, Ghrayeb J, Forman MA, Montefioii DC, Richer EP, Letvin NL, Reimann KA (1999) Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes. Science 283 857-860... 

Ebnet K, Kaldjian EP, Anderson AO, Shaw S (1996) Orchestrated information transfer underlying leukocyte endothelial interactions. Annu Rev Immunol 14 155-177 Edinger AL, Blanpain C, Kunstman KJ, Wohnsky SM, Parmentier M, Dorns RW (1999) Functional dissection of CCR5 coreceptor function through the use of CD4-independent simian immunodeficiency virus strains. J Virol 73(5) 4062 073 Edwards TG, Hoffman TL, Baribaud E, Wyss S, LaBranche CC, Romano J, Adkinson J, Sharron M, Hoxie JA, Dorns RW (2001) Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity, and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J Virol 75(ll) 5230-5239... 

Williams KC, Corey S, Westmoreland SV, Pauley D, Knight H, deBakker C, Alvarez X, Lackner AA (2001) Perivascular macrophages are the primary ceU type productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus in the brains of macaques imphcations for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. J Exp Med 193(8) 905-915... 

Zhang L, He T, Talal A, Wang G, Frankel SS, Ho DD (1998) In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus coreceptors CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5. J Virol 72(6) 5035-5045... 

Zink MC, Coleman GD, Mankowski JL, Adams RJ, Tarwater PM, Fox K, Clements JE (2001) Increased macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in cerebrospinal fluid precedes and predicts simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. J Infect Dis 184(8) 1015-1021... 

Westmoreland SV, Rottman JB, Williams KC, Lackner AA, Sasseville VG (1998) Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. Am J Pathol 152 659-665 White FA, Jung H, Miller RJ (2007) Chemokines and the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 20151-20158... 

The natural killer cells (NK) are the host s primary innate immune responders against viral infections. Studies have shown morphine to suppress the cytolytic activity of NK cells (Shavit et al. 2004). In vivo studies carried out in the Indian rhesus macaques looked at chronic morphine administration and SIV the equivalent of HIV in apes. This group concluded that morphine contributed to the pathogenesis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection and that this contribution occurred in conjunction with the replication of viral proteins including Tat (Noel and Kumar 2006 Noel et al. 2006). 

Adamson DC, Dawson TM, Zink MC, Clements JE, Dawson VL (1996) Neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus infection induces neuronal, endothehal, and ghal apoptosis. Mol Med 2 417-428... 

Kumar R, Torres C, Yamamura Y, Rodriguez 1, Martinez M, Staprans S, Donahoe RM, Kraiselburd E, Stephens EB, Kumar A (2004) Modulation by morphine of viral set point in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 78 11425-11428... 

Marcario JK, Manaye KF, SantaCruz KS, Mouton PR, Berman NE, Cheney PD (2004) Severe subcortical degeneration in macaques infected with neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus. J Neurovirol 10 387-399... 

Evidence suggests that HIV in humans is the result of cross-species transmission from primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV-2 is closely related to the SIV found in sooty mangabeys in West Africa, and HIV-1 is similar to the SIV found in chimpanzees. The earliest known human HIV infection was in central Africa in 1959. Cultural practices such as the preparation and eating of bush-meat, or keeping primates as pets, may have allowed the virus to transmit from animal to human. The rapid spread of the virus throughout the world can be primarily attributed to high mobility due to modern transportation, sexual promiscuity, and drug abuse. 

Chen B, Vogan EM, Gong H, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC, Harrison SC. Structure of an unliganded simian immunodeficiency virus gpl20 core. Nature 2005 433(7028) 834-841. 

Arthos J, Rubbert A, Rabin RL, et al. CCR5 signal transduction in macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus envelopes. J Virol 2000 74(14) 6418-6424. 

Tsai C-C, Follis KE, Sabo A, Grant RF, Bartz C, Nolte RE, Benveniste RE, Bischofberger N. Preexposure prophylaxis with 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxy-ethyl)adenine against simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques. J Infect Dis 1994 169 260-266. 

Much of the preclinical data generated with regard to these vaccines entailed the use of one of two animal model systems simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaque monkeys and HIV infection of chimpanzees. Most of the positive results observed in such systems have been in association with the chimp-HI V model. However, no such system can replace actual testing in humans. 

Stoltz, D.A. et al., In vitro ethanol suppresses alveolar macrophage TNF-alpha during simian immunodeficiency virus infection, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 161, 135-253, 2000. 

African coast, such as Senegal and the Ivory Coast. HIV-2 also causes AIDS, although there are some indications that it is less able to do so than HIV-1. It is interesting that the virus that is most closely related to HIV-2 is not HIV-1, but a lentivirus found in sooty mangabey monkeys (simian immunodeficiency virus or SIVSM). SIVSM does not cause disease in sooty mangabeys. 

There is no good animal model for infection by HIV. The virus will infect several primates, but it does not produce active disease and it is not practical to use primates for propagation of the virus. The chimpanzee has been used in vaccine trials to determine whether neutralizing antibody is produced and whether the growth of the virus can be inhibited in vivo. More productive work has been done using the immunodeficiency viruses of the species (e.g., simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques, feline immunodeficiency virus in cats) to study pathogenesis and treatment of retroviral acquired immunodeficiencies. 

D. C. Montefiori, A.J. Langlois, B.A. Richardson, J. Overbaugh, W.R. Morton, R.E. Benveniste, and S.L. Hu, Limited breadth of the protective immunity elicited by simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne gpl60 vaccines in a combination immunization regimen. J Virol, 1999. 73(1) 618-30. 

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