Retrovirus vectors

Loiler, S., DiFronzo, N. and Holland, C. (1997) Gene transfer to human cells using retrovirus vectors produced hy a new polytropic packaging cell line. J VirolTl, 4825-4828. 

Sorge, ]., Wright, D., Erdman, V. and Cutting, A. (1984) Amphotropic retrovirus vector system for human cell gene transfer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 1730-1737. 

Fig. 11. Flow cytometric detection of apoptotic cell deadi using the annexin V method after treatment with IgM anti-Fas mAb. The vacant retrovirus vector (LXSN)-transfected Jurkat cell clone of LX-2 clearly exhibits annexin V binding at 3 h after treatment (56.8%), and the binding cell population is further increased at 5 h (77.2%), whereas only faint annexin V binding is observed in LdelSN-transfected Jurkat cell clone RJ-14. This means diat endogenous wild-type mFas in the LX-2 cells is functional in Fas-mediated apoptosis, but transfected aberrant mFas in die RJ-14 cells interferes with die signaUng in a dominant negative manner.

Retrovirus vectors were subjected to the first clinical trial on human gene therapy to correct adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (32). White-blood cells isolated from patients were infected ex vivo with an MLV-based vector expressing ADA and a neomycin marker gene. After selection with G418, neomycin-resistant cells were isolated and reintroduced into patients. The treatment improved the physical condition of the patients and the ADA-containing provirus was stable in the blood for several years. 

Retrovirus vectors have demonstrated some promising results in cancer therapy and bone marrow transplantation. The introduction of retrovirus particles expressing HSV-TK and administration of GCV suggested that the treatment of graft-versus-host disease was efficient (37). The demonstration of the full correction of the SCID-X1 phenotype in infants is a further indication of the efficacy of retrovirus vectors (38). 

Boris-Lawrie, K.A., Temin, H.M. (1993). Recent advances in retrovirus vector technology. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 3(1), 102-109. 

This study reports that retrovirus vector insertion into a proto-oncogene activates proto-oncogene expression, which may trigger malignancy. 

Weber E, Anderson WF, Kasahara N. 2001. Recent advances in retrovirus vector-mediated gene therapy Teaching an old vector new tricks. Curr Opin Mol Ther. 3 439-453. 

Miller, D.G., Adam, M.A. and Miller, A.D. (1990) Gene transfer by retrovirus vectors occurs only in cells that are actively replicating at the time of infection. Mol. Cell Biol., 10, 4239 1242. 

Li, K.J. and Garoff, H. (1998) Packaging of the intron-containing genes into retrovirus vectors by alpha virus vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 3650-3654. 

Themis, M., Forbes, S.J., Chan, L., Cooper, R.G., Etheridge, C.J., Miller, A.D. et al. (1998) Enhanced in vitro and in vivo gene delivery using cationic agent complexed retrovirus vectors. Gene Ther., 5, 1180-1186. 

Temin, H.M. (1990) Safety considerations in somatic gene therapy of human disease with retrovirus vectors. Hum. Gene Then, 1, 111-123. 

A. Ido, K. Nakata, Y. Kato, K. Nakao, K. Murata, M. Fujita, N. Ishii, T. Tamaoki, H. Shiku, and S. Nagataki, Gene therapy for hepatoma cells using a retrovirus vector carrying herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene under the control of human alpha-fetoprotein gene promoter, Cancer Res. 55 3105 (1995). 

Recombinant Retrovirus Vectors for Treatment of Brain Tumors... 

Emerman M, Temin HM (1984), Genes with promoters in retrovirus vectors can be independently suppressed by an epigenetic mechanism, Cell 39 449-467. 

Attempts to obviate the limitations of retrovirus vectors include the use of alternative virus vectors such as adeno-associated viruses (now used in approximately 20 percent of clinical trials) and lenteviruses, as well as nonviral vectors such as plasmid-based vectors, either alone, in combination with liposomes, or linked to a ligand. Other, more theoretical, strategies proposed involve the creation of a human artificial chromosome. In this case, a 25th chromosome containing suites of genes would, it is hoped, be introduced into the nucleus of a target cell. 

Korczak, B., Robson, I. B., Lamarche, C., Bernstein, A. and Kerbel, R. S. (1988). Genetic tagging of tumor cells with retrovirus vectors clonal analysis of tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 3143-3149. 

Cepko, C. (1988) Retrovirus vectors and their applications in neurobiology. Neuron 1 345-353. 

Ryder, E.F., Snyder, E.Y. and Cepko, C.L. (1990) Establishment and characterization of multipotent neural cell lines using retrovirus vector-mediated oncogene transfer. J. Neu-robiol. 21 356-375. 

David W. Emery, Evangelia Yannaki, Julie Tubb and George Stamatoyannopoulos, A chromatin insulator protects retrovirus vectors from chromosomal position effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97 (2000), 9150-9155. 

W.G. Zhang, L.P. Ma, S.W. Wang, Z.Y. Zhang, G.D. Cao (1999). Antisense bcl-2 retrovirus vector increases the sensitivity of a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line to photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol., 69, 582-586. 

Petropoulos CJ, Hughes SH (1991) Replication-competent retrovirus vectors for the transfer and expression of gene cassettes in avian cells. J Virol 65 3728-3737. 

Uhm SJ, Gupta MK, Kim T et al (2007) Expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein in porcine- and bovine-cloned embryos following interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer of fibroblasts transfected by retrovirus vector. Mol Reprod Dev 74 1538-1547... 

Themis, M., May, D., Coutelle, C., and Newbold, R. E 2003. Mutational effects of retrovirus insertion on the genome of V79 cells by an attenuated retrovirus vector Implications for gene therapy. Gene Therapy, 10,1703-1711. 

Maclay, P. B., Jr. Wang, G. Davidson, B. Bottner, M. Herman, S. M. Jolly, D. J. Methods and compositions for increasing infectivity of retrovirus vectors to epithelial tissues and treatment of epithelial disorders. Jpn. Kokai Xokkyo Kobo JP 2000143548, 2000 Chem. Abstr. 2000, 132, 343324. 

Logg CR, Tai C, Logg A, Anderson FA, KasaharaN. A uniquely stable replication competent retrovirus vector achieves efficient gene delivery in vitro and in solid tumors. Hum Gene Ther2001 12 921-932. 

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