Virus human cytomegalovirus

See also Section 10. Carrageenan has been used for the microencapsulation of proteinsand probiotic bacteria. It has also been used as beads in the preparation of controlled release systems.Studies have shown that carrageenan compounds block infections by the herpes simplex virus human cytomegalovirus human papilloma virus Sindbis virus vesicular stomatitis virus and A combined k- and X-... 

Cytokine responsive gene 2 Cytotoxic T lymphocyte Dendritic cell Epidemic polyarthritis Formalin-inactivated RSV Fractalkine Gamma interferon Glycosaminoglycans Heparin-binding domains Herpes simplex virus Human cytomegalovirus Human herpesvirus Human immunodeficiency virus Human leukocyte antigen Interferon... 

Stuyver LJ, McBrayer TR, Thamish PM, Qark J, HoUecker L, Lostia S, Nachman T, Grier J, Bennett MA, Xie M-Y, Schinazi RE, Morrey JD, Inlander JL, Eurman PA, Otto MJ (2006) Inhibition of hepatitis C repUcon RNA synthesis by P-D-2 -deoxy-2 -fluoro-2 -C-methylcytidine a specific inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication. Antiviral Chem Chemother 17 79-87 Sullivan V, Talarico CL, Stanat SC, Davis M, Coen DM, Biron KK (1992) A protein kinase homo-logue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Nature 359 85... 

Darke PL, Cole JL, Waxman L, Hall DL, Sardana MK, Kuo LC (1996) Active human cytomegalovirus protease is a dimer. J Biol Chem 271 7445-7449 De Francesco R, Carfi A (2007) Advances in the development of new therapeutic agents targeting the NS3 A serine protease or the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 59 1242-1262... 

In this chapter, we have described the spectrum of antiviral activities that have been discovered beyond the world of nucleoside analogues, protease and fusion inhibitors. The compounds and mechanisms described here may one day add significantly to the armamentarium of antiviral agents, not only against Herpes Simplex, Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, but also against Hepatitis C and Human Cytomegalovirus. 

Balzarini J, Schols D, Neyts J, Van Damme E, Penmans W, De Clercq E. a-(1-3)- and a-(l-6)-d-mannose-specific plant lectins are markedly inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus infections in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 35 410-416. 

Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D, Hosoya M, Van Damme E, Peumans W, De Clercq E. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis helleborine and the (TV-acetylglucosamine)w-specific plant lectin from Urtica dioica are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 1992 18 191-207. 

In order to identify novel lead compounds with antiviral effects, methanol and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were screened for inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). By bioassay-guided fractionation, eight fiavones were isolated from the black rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker. The most effective inhibitors, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyfiavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited HIV-1 protease, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values of 19 0,M. Moreover, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone inhibited HCV protease and HCMV protease, with IC50 values of 190 and 250 pM, respectively. 

Acyclovir (Figure 49-2) is an acyclic guanosine derivative with clinical activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV, but it is approximately 10 times more potent against HSV-1 and HSV-2 than against VZV. In vitro activity against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is present but weaker. 

There is a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligonucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo. The most common vector systems are based on viral [retroviruses (9, 10), adeno-associated virus (AAV) (11), adenovirus (12, 13), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (14)] andnonviral [cationic liposomes (15,16), polymers and receptor-mediated polylysine-DNA] complexes (17). Other viral vectors that are currently under development are based on lentiviruses (18), human cytomegalovirus (CMV) (19), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (20), poxviruses (21), negative-strand RNA viruses (influenza virus), alphaviruses and herpesvirus saimiri (22). Also a hybrid adenoviral/retroviral vector has successfully been used for in vivo gene transduction (23). A simplified schematic representation of basic human gene therapy methods is described in Figure 13.1. 

Soyasaponin I and II were studied in vitro against herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). Soyasaponin II was more potent than soyasaponin I in the reduction of HSV-1 production. Soyasaponin II was also found to inhibit the replication of human cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This activity was not due to the inhibition of virus penetration and protein synthesis, but might involve a virucidal effect. When acyclovir and soyasaponin II were evaluated in combination for anti-HSV-1 activity, additive antiviral effects were observed for this virus [160]. Astragaloside II afforded almost 100% protection of T-lymphocytes in vitro against the cytophatic effects of HIV infection. However, the EC50 of ca. 2.5 x 105 molar was difficult to achieve in vivo [98],... 

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous member of the herpes virus family. Although most infections are asymptomatic, severe manifestations of HCMV can be seen in individuals whose immune system has been weakened by... 

Abstract The inhibitory action of polyanionic substances on virus replication was reported more than 50 years ago. Seaweeds, marine invertebrates, and higher plants represent abundant sources of novel compounds of proved antiviral activity. Natural sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are potent in vitro inhibitors of a wide variety of enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. Several polysulfate compounds have the potential to inhibit virus replication by blocking the virion binding to the host cell. In contrast, their in vivo efficacy in animal and human systemic infections has undesirable draw-... 

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