Human immunodeficiency virus Cytomegalovirus

Neisseria gonorrhoeas Legionella pneumophila Exposure to or infection with viruses Human immunodeficiency virus Cytomegalovirus Epstein-Barr virus Hepatitis A, B, or C Ru bella... 

Antiphospholipid syndrome Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus... 

Gerberding, J.L., C.E. Bryant-LeBlanc, K. Nelson, A.R. Moss, D. Osmond, H.F. Chambers, J.R. Carlson, W.L. Drew, J.A. Levy, and M.A. Sande. 1987. Risk of transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B virus to health care workers exposed to patients with AIDS and AIDS-related conditions./. Infect. Dis. 156 1-8. 

In this chapter, we have described the spectrum of antiviral activities that have been discovered beyond the world of nucleoside analogues, protease and fusion inhibitors. The compounds and mechanisms described here may one day add significantly to the armamentarium of antiviral agents, not only against Herpes Simplex, Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, but also against Hepatitis C and Human Cytomegalovirus. 

Barohn RJ, Gronseth GS et al (1993) Peripheral nervous system involvement in a large cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Arch Neurol 50(2) 167-171 Behar R, Wiley C et al (1987) Cytomegalovirus polyradiculoneuropathy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Neurology 37(4) 557-561... 

Balzarini J, Schols D, Neyts J, Van Damme E, Penmans W, De Clercq E. a-(1-3)- and a-(l-6)-d-mannose-specific plant lectins are markedly inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus infections in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 35 410-416. 

Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D, Hosoya M, Van Damme E, Peumans W, De Clercq E. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis helleborine and the (TV-acetylglucosamine)w-specific plant lectin from Urtica dioica are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 1992 18 191-207. 

In order to identify novel lead compounds with antiviral effects, methanol and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were screened for inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). By bioassay-guided fractionation, eight fiavones were isolated from the black rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker. The most effective inhibitors, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyfiavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited HIV-1 protease, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values of 19 0,M. Moreover, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone inhibited HCV protease and HCMV protease, with IC50 values of 190 and 250 pM, respectively. 

Soyasaponin I and II were studied in vitro against herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). Soyasaponin II was more potent than soyasaponin I in the reduction of HSV-1 production. Soyasaponin II was also found to inhibit the replication of human cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This activity was not due to the inhibition of virus penetration and protein synthesis, but might involve a virucidal effect. When acyclovir and soyasaponin II were evaluated in combination for anti-HSV-1 activity, additive antiviral effects were observed for this virus [160]. Astragaloside II afforded almost 100% protection of T-lymphocytes in vitro against the cytophatic effects of HIV infection. However, the EC50 of ca. 2.5 x 105 molar was difficult to achieve in vivo [98],... 

Other viruses with affinity for the liver are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV-DNA has been found in hepatocytes, bile ducts, and vascular cells. CMV is a dormant virus but may be reactivated, for instance, on immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation. It may cause vanishing bile duct syndrome and (allograft) rejection [125,126], The main... 

Abstract The inhibitory action of polyanionic substances on virus replication was reported more than 50 years ago. Seaweeds, marine invertebrates, and higher plants represent abundant sources of novel compounds of proved antiviral activity. Natural sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are potent in vitro inhibitors of a wide variety of enveloped viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), dengue virus (DENV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza A virus. Several polysulfate compounds have the potential to inhibit virus replication by blocking the virion binding to the host cell. In contrast, their in vivo efficacy in animal and human systemic infections has undesirable draw-... 

These compounds produce the antiviral effect against RNA-containing viruses (human immunodeficiency virus and vesicular stomatitis virus) and the DNA-containing virus -cytomegalovirus [71],... 

HSV-1. See Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), 384 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 3,388 E. coli and, 3... 

Bell WR, Chulay JD, Feinberg JE. Manifestations resembling thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in a cytomegalovirus prophylaxis trial (ACTG 204). Medicine 1997 76 369-380. 

Polls MA, Spooner KM, Baird BF, Manischewitz JF, Jaffe HS, Fisher PF, Falloon J, Davey RT Jr, Kovacs JA, Walker RE, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB, Lane HC, Masur H. Anticytomegaloviral activity and safety of cidofovir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and cytomegalovirus viremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996 39 882-886. 

Castanosp ermine has been shown to have in vitro antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [99] and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) [100], which is an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS. Alterations in viral coat glycoproteins in the presence of castanospermine are associated with a loss of infectivity. 6-0-acyl derivatives of castanospermine are more potent inhibitors of HIV growth than the natural product with the 6-O-butyryl-derivative (MDL 28,374) currently in clinical trials for AIDS. The lipophilic nature of the acyl derivative improves uptake by cells but the compound appears to be intracellularly converted to castanospermine [101]. 

Erice A, Tierney C, Hirsch M, Cahendo AM, Weinberg A, Kendall MA, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden, CMV end-organ disease, and survival in subjects with advanced HIV infection (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 360). Clin Infect Dis 2003 37 567-78. 

Key EBV, Epstein-Barr virus CMV, cytomegalovirus HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. 

Significant reductions in lymphocyte concentration (<1000/mm of blood) can be evident without apparent cause or in a variety of diseases, including acute inflammatory disorders, severe uremia, immune deficiency diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic infections such as tuberculosis or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malignancies, and connective tissue diseases. Lymphocytosis (>4000/mm ) may occur with mononucleosis, pertussis, measles, or chickenpox, and in lymphoid malignancies. A progressive increase in mature lymphocytes may be indicative of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Increased levels of atypical lymphocytes may occur in patients with infections (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis, or cytomegalovirus), allergic reactions, or lymphomas." ... 

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