Cytokine response

Effective antibody synthesis and switching from IgM to the other Ig-classes requires help by Tit-cells, predominantly but not exclusive by Th-2 cells. The master cytokine responsible for a switch to IgE and thus development of an allergy is IL-4. 

STAT binding site in the promoter region of cytokine-responsive genes. It is nonameric palindrome with relaxed sequence specificity.) sites, to regulate gene expression. Tyrosine phosphatases located in the nucleus then dephosphorylate STAT molecules (Fig. 1). 

Boring L, Gosling J, Chensue SW, et al. Impaired monocyte migration and reduced type 1 (Thl) cytokine responses in C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice. J Clin Invest 1997 100(10) 2552-2561. 

T Helper Cell Cytokine Responses During Intestinal Nematode Infection Induction, Regulation and Effector Function... 

IL-13 KO mice failed to clear infection despite mounting equivalent type 2 cytokine responses to wild-type mice. Further evidence of a role for IL-13 in expulsion is shown in studies utilizing BALB/c IL-4 KO mice. While control mice cleared infection, treatment with A25 (a soluble IL-13 receptor alpha 2-human IgG-Fc fusion protein) prevented worm expulsion. (Data adapted from Bancroft et al., 1998 A.J. Bancroft, unpublished.)... 

Finkelman, F.D., Pearce, E.J., Urban, J.F. and Sher, A. (1992) Regulation and biological function of helminth-induced cytokine responses. Immunoparasitology Today, A62-A66. 

Lawrence, R.A., Gray, C.A., Osbourne, J. and Maizels, R. (1996) Nippostrongylus brasiliensis cytokine responses and nematode expulsion in normal and IL-4 deficient mice. Experimental Parasitology 84, 65-73. 

Ishikawa, N., Goyal, P.K., Mahida, Y.R., Li, K.F. and Wakelin, D. (1998) Early cytokine responses during intestinal parasitic infections. Immunology 93, 257-263. 

Flegel WA, Muller F, Daubener W, Fischer HG, Hadding U, Northoff H Cytokine response by human monocytes to Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B. Infect Immun 1991 59 3659-3666. 

LPS Priming Potentiates and Prolongs DON-induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses... 

Islam, Z. and Pestka J.J. LPS priming potentiates and prolongs proinflammatory cytokine response to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 211,53, 2005. 

Nygaard, U.C., Aase, A., and Lovik, M., The allergy adjuvant effect of particles - genetic factors influence antibody and cytokine responses, B.M.C. Immunol. 6, 11, 2005. 

Glaser, R. et al., Evidence for a shift in the Th-1 to Th-2 cytokine response associated with chronic stress and aging, J. Gerontol. Series A, Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 56, M477, 2001. 

Matsunaga, K. et al., Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in suppression of antimicrobial activity and cytokine responses of alveolar macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection by nicotine, J. Immunol.. 167, 6518, 2001. 

Betts, C.J., Flanagan, B.F., Caddick, H.T., Dearman, R.J. and Kimber, I., Intradermal exposure of BALB/c strain mice to peanut protein elicits a type 2 cytokine response. Food Chem. Toxic., 42, 1589, 2004. 

Veranth JM, Kaser EG, Veranth MM, Koch M, Yost GS (2007) Cytokine responses of human lung cells (BEAS-2B) treated with micron-sized and nanoparticles of metal oxides compared to soil dusts. Part Fibre Toxicol 4(1) 2. 

Schilling, J. D., Mulvey, M. A., Vincent, C. D., Lorenz, R. G., and Hultgren, S. J. (2001). Bacterial invasion augements epithelial cytokine response to Escherichia coli through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent mechanism. /. Immunol. 166,1148-1155. 

Dbaibo, G.S., Perry, D.K., Gamard, C.J., and Hannun, Y.A., 1997, Cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) inhibits ceramide formation in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a CrmA and Bcl-2 target distinct components in the apoptotic pathway. J.Exp.Med. 185 481-490. 

KuUberg MC, Pearce EJ, Hieny SE, Sher A, Berzofsky JA Infection with Schistosoma mansoni alters Thl/Th2 cytokine responses to a non-parasite antigen. J Immunol 1992 148 3264-3270. 

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