Vesicate

C4H8CI2S, (CH2CICH2)2S. Colourless oily liquid with a faint garlic-like odour m.p. 13-I4 C, b.p. 215-217 C. Manufactured by treating S2CI2 with ethene at 30-35°C. Decomposed violently by bleaching powder. It is a powerful vesicant and poison, and causes... 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T have marked antiseptic properties, chloramine-T being most frequently used because of its solubility in water. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T can be used either for external application, or for internal application to the mouth, throat, etc, as chloramine-T in moderate quantities is non-toxic its aqueous solution can also be effectively used when the skin has come in contact with many of the vesicant liquid poison-gases, as the latter are frequently organic sulphur or arsenic derivatives which combine with or are oxidised by chloramine-T and are thus rendered harmless. 

In a 500 ml. flask, fitted with a reflux condenser, place 53 g. of 1-chloro-methylnaphthalene (Section IV.23), 84 g, of hexamethylenetetramine and 250 ml. of 1 1 acetic acid [CAUTION 1-Chloromethylnaphtha-lene and, to a lesser degree, a-naphthaldehyde have lachrymatory and vesicant properties adequate precautions should therefore be taken to avoid contact with these substances.] Heat the mixture under reflux for 2 hours it becomes homogeneous after about 15 minutes and then an oil commences to separate. Add 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and reflux for a further 15 minutes this will hydrolyse any SchifiF s bases which may be formed from amine and aldehyde present and will also convert any amines into the ether-insoluble hydrochlorides. Cool, and extract the mixture with 150 ml. of ether. Wash the ether layer with three 50 ml. portions of water, then cautiously with 50 ml. of 10 per cent, sodium carbonate solution, followed by 50 ml. of water. Dry the ethereal solution with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, remove the ether by distillation on a steam bath, and distil the residue under reduced pressure. Collect the a-naphthaldehyde at 160-162718 mm. the yield is 38 g. 

Acrolein, acrylamide, hydroxyalkyl acrylates, and other functional derivatives can be more hazardous from a health standpoint than acryhc acid and its simple alkyl esters. Furthermore, some derivatives, such as the alkyl 2-chloroacrylates, are powerful vesicants and can cause serious eye injuries. Thus, although the hazards of acryhc acid and the normal alkyl acrylates are moderate and they can be handled safely with ordinary care to industrial hygiene, this should not be assumed to be the case for compounds with chemically different functional groups (see Industrial hygiene Plant safety Toxicology). 

Impla.nta.ble Ports. The safest method of accessing the vascular system is by means of a vascular access device (VAD) or port. Older VAD designs protmded through the skin. The totally implanted ports are designed for convenience, near absence of infection, and ease of implantation. Ports allow dmgs and fluids to be deUvered directiy into the bloodstream without repeated insertion of needles into a vein. The primary recipients of totally implanted ports are patients receiving chemotherapy, bolus infusions of vesicants, parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, analgesics, and acquired immune disease syndrome (AIDS) medications. 

Contact with elemental selenium does not injure the skin. Selenium dioxide, however, upon contact with water, sweat, or tears, forms selenous acid, a severe skin irritant. Selenium oxyhaHdes are extremely vesicant and cause bums when in contact with human skin (91,92). Hydrogen selenide affects the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes (93). 

Numerous organic reactions of sulfur monochloride are of practical and commercial importance. Of particular importance is the reaction of sulfur monochloride with olefins to yield various types of addition products (142). With ethylene, the severe vesicant bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide [505-60-2] (mustard gas) forms with elemental sulfur and polysulfides (see Chemicals IN war). Propylene reacts similarly ... 

Chloroformates, especially those of low molecular weight, are lachrimators, vesicants, and produce effects similar to those of hydrogen chloride or carboxyhc acid chlorides. They can also irritate the skin and mucous membranes, producing severe bums and possible irreversible tissue damage. 

Mustard and Related Vesicants. Mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide [505-60-2] (Chemical Agent Symbol HD), C1(CH2)2S(CH2)2C1, is a colodess, oily hquid when pure. Most samples have a characteristic garliclike odor. It is primarily a vesicant bUsters are formed by either Hquid or vapor contact. Mustard also attacks the eyes and lungs and is a systemic poison, so that protection of the entire body must be provided. It is insidious in its action there is no pain at the time of exposure, and symptoms usually do not appear until several hours after exposure. 

In the period following World War I and during World War II, a wide variety of sulfur analogues of mustard were investigated and many potent vesicants were discovered. Each had two 2-chloroethyi groups attached to a sulfur atom. Examples of such compounds are... 

The procedure by which mustard is manufactured can be modified to yield either a mixture of mustard and Q (HQ) or a mixture of mustard and T (HT). These mixtures have several advantages over mustard alone, unless the agent is used only for vapor effects. HQ and HT are both more toxic, more vesicant, more persistent, and have lower melting points than mustard alone. 

Sulfur mustard reacts rapidly with chlorine or with bleach, and this reaction is a suitable means of decontamination. Nitrogen mustards, however, chlorinate extremely slowly thus chlorination is not suitable for their decontamination. The formation of water-soluble salts, such as by neutralization with sodium bisulfate, is the usual method for nitrogen mustard removal from contaminated surfaces. The mustard salts are much less vesicant than the corresponding free bases. 

Vesicant agents, such as mustard, require no special treatment once the bums have occurred. Copious washing is quite effective when used early for Hquid contamination of the eyes, and soap and water removes the Hquid agent from the skin. Bums resulting from mustard agent are treated like any other severe bum. The pulmonary injuries are treated symptomatically antibiotics are used only if indicated for the control of infection. 

Chloroethyl methyl sulfide is a vesicant and must be handled with care. It boils at 140° under atmospheric pressure. 

Alkyl sulphides are the sulphur analogues of ethers from which they differ considerably in chemistry. They are unpleasant-smelling oils, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They tend to be comparatively inert. Mustard gas, CICH2CH2—S—CH2CH2CI, an oily liquid boiling at 216°C with a mustard-like smell, is highly poisonous and a vesicant, and for this reason found use in chemical warfare. 

Irritants Have a corrosive or a vesicant (blistering) effect on moist or mucous surfaces. Concentration may be more important than duration of exposure. Animals and man react similarly. ... 

Blasen-. bubble bladder, vesical, vesico- Vesicular blister. 

Gelbkreuz-geschoss, n. (MU.) "yellow cross projectile or shdl. -kampfstoff, -stoff, m. yellow cross shell filling (mustard gas or other vesicant). 

Hamblasen-. (Anat.) vesical, vesico-. -gang, m. (Anat.) urethra. 

Haut-entglftungsmlttel, n. skin decontaminant, -entgiftungssalbe, /. decontaminating ointment. -farbe, /. color of the skin, -farb-stoff, m. skin pigment, -gift, n. (Mil.) skin poison, vesicant. 

Zug-leistung, /. tfaetive output or power, hnie, /. ((jeojtf) tractrix. -loch, n. draft hole, air hole, vent hole, -luft,/. air current, draft, -messer, m. tensometer draft gage draw knife, -mittel, n. tension medium attraction (Med.) vesicant, tractor, -muf-... 

It is used by direct instillation into the bladder for multifocal local bladder carcinoma. Nausea and myelosuppression are the major toxicities of thiotepa. It is not a local vesicant and has been safely injected intramuscularly and even intra-thecally. 

If a vesicant is prescribed as an infusion, it is given through a central line only and checked every 1 to 2 hours. The nurse keeps an extravasation kit containing all materials necessary to manage an extravasation available, along with the extravasation policy and procedure guidelines. 

When file patient is receiving a vesicant, file nurse monitors file IV site continuously and checks for blood return frequently (every 1-2 mL). Extravasation may occur without warning, or signs may be detected by an alert nurse The earlier file extravasation is detected, file less likely soft-tissue damage will occur. 

Have a corrosive or a vesicant (biistering) effect on moist or mucous surfaces. 

H. A. Azaizeh, H. Marschner, V. Rdmheld, and L. Wittenmayer, Effects of a vesic-ular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and other soil microorganisms on growth, mineral nutrient acquisition and root exudation of soil-grown maize plants, Mycorrhiui 5 321 (1995). 

Vinblastine is another vesicant vinca alkaloid that causes myelo-suppression and less neurotoxicity than vincristine. The pharmacokinetics of vinblastine are best described by a three-compartment model, with an a half-life of 25 minutes, a 3 half-life of 53 minutes, and a terminal half-life of 19 to 25 hours.12 Vinblastine has shown activity in the treatment of bladder, breast, and kidney cancer, as well as some lymphomas. The doses of vinblastine tend to be higher on a milligram per meter squared basis than vincristine. Nausea and vomiting are minimal with vinblastine. Other side effects include mild alopecia, rash, photosensitivity, and stomatitis. 

The vesicant vinorelbine is structurally similar to vincristine and may cause many of the same side effects as vincristine. While this vesicant is administered intravenously over 6 to 10 minutes, patients should be counseled about neuropathy, ileus, and myelosuppression. The pharmacokinetics of vinorelbine are best described by a three-compartment model, with an a half-life of 2 to 6 minutes, a 3 half-life of 1.9 hours, and a y half-life of 40 hours. Vinorelbine has shown efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Additional side effects include myelosuppression, paresthesias, and mild nausea and vomiting. 

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