Mycorrhizal fungus

M. J. Harrison, and M, L, Van Buuren, A phosphate tran.sporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature 378 629 (1995). 

B. Balaji. M. J. Poulin, H. Vierheilig, and H. Piche, Responses of an arbusctilar mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita, to exudates and volatiles from the Ri T-DNA-transformed roots of nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal mutants of Pisum. [Pg.36]

Y. Guo, E. George, and H. Marschner, Contribution of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to the uptake of cadmium and nickel in bean and maize plants. Plant and Soil 7774 195 (1996). 

V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, B. Branzanti, and S. Gianinazzi, In vitro enhancement of spore germination and early hyphal growth of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by host root exudates and plant flavonoids. Symbiosis 7 243 (1989). 

S. Chabot, R. Bel-Rhlid, R. Chenevert, and Y. Piche. Hyphal growth promotion in vitro of the VA mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora nuirgarila by the activity of structurally specific flavonoid compounds under CO enrichment conditions. New Phy-lol. /22-.461 (1992). 

H. Volpin, Y. Elkin, Y. Okon, and Y. Kapulnik, A vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induces a defense response in alfalfa roots. Plant Phy.s-iol. 704 683 (1994). 

J. B. Cliquet and G. R. Stewart, Ammonia assimilation in Zea mays L. infected with a vcsicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculaiiim. Plant Phy.s-iol. /0/ 865 (1993). 

A. Johansen, R. D. Finlay, and P. A. Olsson, Nitrogen metabolism of external hy-phae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol. 133 705 (1996). 

C. J. Straker, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, S. Gianinazzi, J.-C. Cleyet-Marel, and N. Bou.squet, Electrophoretic and immunological studies on acid phosphatase from a mycorrhizal fungus of Erica hi.spidula L. New Phytol. 111 2 5 (1989). 

H. A. Azaizeh, H. Marschner, V. Rdmheld, and L. Wittenmayer, Effects of a vesic-ular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and other soil microorganisms on growth, mineral nutrient acquisition and root exudation of soil-grown maize plants, Mycorrhiui 5 321 (1995). 

In nature, most plant roots are invaded by fungi and transformed into mycorrhizae or "fungus roots" (25). The host plant and fungus form a symbiotic relationship whereby nutrients absorbed from the soil by the fungus are released into the host cell and the mycorrhizal fungus obtains nutrients from the host. Mycorrhiza formation is complex and depends on the dynamic interaction of the host plant, fungus and soil. Once formed, mycorrhizae have a profound influence on growth and development of the host plant (26-28). 

Fester, T., W. Maier et al. (1999). Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria. Mycorrhiza 8(5) 241-246. 

Maier, W., K. Hammer et al. (1997). Accumulation of sesquiterpenoid cyclohexenone derivatives induced by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in members of the Poaceae. Planta 202(1) 36—42. 

Trofast J, Wickberg B, Mycorrhizin A and chloromycorrhizin A, two antibiotics from a mycorrhizal fungus of Monotropa hypopitys L, Tetrahedron 33 875—879, 1977. 

Larose, G. et al., Flavonoid levels in roots of Medicago sativa are modulated by the developmental stage of the symbiosis and the root colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, J. Plant Physiol, 159, 1329, 2002. 

Bodker L., Kjoller R. Rosendah S. Effect of phosophate and die arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on disease severity of root rot of peas (Pisum sativum) caused by Aphanomyces euteiches. Mycorrhiza 1998 8 169-174. 

Caron M. Potential use of mycorrhizae in control of soil-borne disease. Can J PI Pathol 1989 11 177-179. Caron M., Richard C., Fortin, J.A. Effect of prteinfestation of the soil by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, on Fusarium crown and root rot of tomatoes. Phytoprotection. 1986 67 15-19. 

Cordier C., Gianianzzi S., Gianinazzi-Perason V. Colonization patterns of root tissues by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica related to reduced disease in mycorrhizal tomato. Plant Soil 1996 185 223-232. Cordier C., Pozo M.J. Barea J.M., Gianinazzi S. Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Cell defense responses associated with localized and systemic resistance to Phytophthora parasitica induced in tomato by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Mol Plant-Microbe Interactions 1998 11 1017-1028. 

Harrison M.H., Dixon R.A. Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Plant J 1994 6 9-20. 

Maier W., Schmidt J. Wray V., Walter M.H. Strack D. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induces the accumulation of cyclohexenone derivatives in tobacco roots. Planta 1999 207 620-623. 

Mohr U., Lange J., Boiler T., Wiemken A., Vogeli-Lange R. Plant defence genes are induced in teh pathogenic interaction between bean roots and Fusarium solani, but not in the symbiotic interaction with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. New Phytol 1998 138 589-598. 

Morandi D. Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Physiol PI Pathol 1984 24 357-364. 

Trotta A., Varese G.C., UNAVI E., Fusconi A., Sampo S., Berta G. Interactions between the soil-borne root pathogen Phytophthora nicoticmae var parasitica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae in tomato plants. Plant Soil 1996 185 199-209. 

Volpin H., Elkind Y. Okon Y., Kapulnik Y. A vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradix) induce a defense response in alfalfa roots. PI Physiol 1994 104 683-689. 

Declerck, S., Dupre de Boulois, H., Bivort, C. Delvaux, B. (2003). Extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus lamellosum can take up, accumulate and translocate radiocaesium under root-organ culture conditions. Environmental Microbiology, 5, 510-16. 

Hirrel, M. C. Gerdemann, J. W. (1979). Enhanced carbon transfer between onions infected with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytologist, 83, 731-8. 

Jansa, J., Mozafar, A. Frossard, E. (2003). Long-distance transport of P and Zn through the hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in symbiosis with maize. Agronomic, 23, 481-8. 

Johansen, A. Jensen, E. S. (1996). Transfer of N and P from intact or decomposing roots of pea to barley interconnected by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 28, 73—81. 

Johansen, A., Jakobsen, I. Jensen, E. S. (1993). Hyphal transport by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of N applied to the soil as ammonium or nitrate. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 16, 66-70. 

Suzuki, H., Kumagai, H., Oohashi, K. et al. (2001). Transport of trace elements through the hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus into marigold determined by the multitracer technique. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 47, 131-7. 

Fig. 4.4. Lucifer yellow carbohydrazide dye indicating water flow applied to a deep-root chamber, and detected in mycorrhizal hyphae in a hyphal chamber after crossing airgaps that restrict diffusion. Panel A is an AM hypha that transported the dye during the night (hydraulic lift). Panel B shows a mycorrhizal fungus hydrophilic tip, with hydraulically lifted water exuding out the tip onto a piece of organic detritus. Photographs by Louise Egerton-Warburton and details of the experiment can be found in Querejeta et al. (2003).

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