Antiseptic properties

Pure phenol is a colourless crystalline substance, having m.p. 43°, and b.p. 182° on exposure to air, it slowly sublimes, and on exposure to light, develops a pink colour. It has a characteristic odour, and a limited solubility in water. Phenol in dilute aqueous solution has strongly antiseptic properties, but the crystalline substance should not be allowed to come in contact with the skin, as it may cause severe blistering. 

Both chloramine-T and dichloramine-T have marked antiseptic properties, chloramine-T being most frequently used because of its solubility in water. Aqueous solutions of chloramine-T can be used either for external application, or for internal application to the mouth, throat, etc, as chloramine-T in moderate quantities is non-toxic its aqueous solution can also be effectively used when the skin has come in contact with many of the vesicant liquid poison-gases, as the latter are frequently organic sulphur or arsenic derivatives which combine with or are oxidised by chloramine-T and are thus rendered harmless. 

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

In the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide at about 50°C, chloroform condenses with acetone to give l,l,l-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, [57-15-8] ie, chlorobutanol, chloretone, or acetone—chloroform (9,10). Chlorobutanol is a white crystalline substance with a campborlike odor its sedative, anesthetic, and antiseptic properties have given the compound some importance in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Treatment of the hydroxides of Zn and Cd with aqueous H2O2 produces hydrated peroxides of rather variable composition. That of Zn has antiseptic properties and is widely used in cosmetics. 

In 1899 Thoms isolated an alcohol from Peru balsam oil, which he termed peruviol. This body was stated to have powerful antiseptic properties, but has not been further investigated until Schimmel Co. took up the subject. The oil after saponification was fractionated, and after benzyl alcohol had distilled over, a light oil with characteristic balsamic odour passed over. It boiled at 125° to 127° at 4 mm., and had a specific gravity 0 8987, optical rotation -1- 12° 22, and refractive index 1-48982. This body appeared to be identical with Hesse s nerolidol, whilst in physical and chemical properties it closely resembles peruviol. The characters of the various preparations were as follows —... 

It is a colourless crystalline substance, having the characteristic odour of thyme oil, and possessing very powerful antiseptic properties. Its characters are as follows —... 

Cadexomer-H is an iodophor similar to povidone-iodine. It is a 2-hydroxymethylene crosslinked (1-4) a-D-glucan carboxymethyl ether containing iodine. The compound is used especially for its absorbent and antiseptic properties in the management of leg ulcers and pressure sores where it is applied in the form of microbeads containing 0.9% iodine. 

Phenol can have beneficial effects when used for medical reasons. It is an antiseptic (kills germs) when applied to the skin in small amounts and may have antiseptic properties when gargled as a mouthwash. It is an anesthetic (relieves pain) and is a component of certain sore-throat lozenges and throat sprays or gargles. Small amounts of phenol in water have been injected into nerve tissue to lessen pain associated with certain nerve disorders. Phenol destroys the outer layers of skin if allowed to remain in contact with skin, and small amounts of... 

It was used earlier as an antiseptic but the antiseptic properties are due to the liberation of free iodine and not due to iodoform itself. Due to its objectionable smell, it has been replaced by other formulations containing iodine. 

Oleo gum resin Myrrh, it has a local stimulant and antiseptic properties and generally used in mouthwash. 

The main component of all clove oils is eugenol (up to 80%, sometimes more), which is responsible for their odor and antiseptic properties. Other major constituents are eugenyl acetate and caryophyllene [442-449]. Clove bud oil has a higher acetate content and a more delicate odor than the other oils, therefore it is much more expensive. Leaf oil is produced and used in the largest quantities. The composition of clove stem oil resembles that of bud oil but with a lower content of eugenyl acetate. 

Thyme shrubs grow in France, Spain, Algeria, and Morocco. Spain is the main producer of the oil. Thyme oil is used mainly for flavoring foods and oral hygiene products, but is also used in perfumery to create spicy, leathery notes. Because of its high phenol content, thyme oil has germicidal and antiseptic properties. FCT 1976 (12) p.1003 [8007-46-3], [85085-75-2]. 

People have always been interested in the odour and use of essential oils (from herbs and spices). This is probably attributable to their aromas, and also to the bacteriostatic and antiseptic properties of many of the aroma chemicals they contain. While the use of essential oils is associated with mankind s history, the beginning of perfumery is more difficult to define. 

N.A. Saussurea lappa Clarke Terpenes, sesquiterpenes, aplotaxene, saussurine, resin.99 Depress the parasympathetic nervous system. It has tonic, stimulant, and antiseptic properties. 

In the 1860s, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) confirmed the germ theory of disease with his discovery of bacteria. This led to the discovery of the antiseptic properties of phenol and related compounds, which, as discussed in Chapter 12, could be used to prevent bacterial infection. The first major advance toward curing bacterial diseases was not made until the 1930s, however, when sulfur-containing compounds known as sulfa drugs were developed. Next came penicillin,... 

Boldo is stated to possess cholagogue, liver-stimulant, sedative, diuretic, mild urinary demulcent, and antiseptic properties. It has been used for gallstones, pain in the liver or gallbladder, cystitis, rheumatism, and specifically for cholethiasis with pain. 

Calendula is stated to possess antispasmodic, mild diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, antihemorrhagic, emmenagogue, vulnerary, styptic, and antiseptic properties. Traditionally, it has been used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and epistaxis crural ulcers, varicose veins,... 

Celery is stated to possess antirheumatic, sedative, mild diuretic, and urinary antiseptic properties. It has been used for arthritis, rheumatism, gout, urinary tract inflammation, and specifically for rheumatoid arthritis with mental depression. 

Cinnamon is believed to have antispasmodic, carminative, orexigenic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, refrigerant, and anthelmintic properties. It is used for anorexia, intestinal colic, infantile diarrhea, common cold, influenza, and specifically for flatulent colic and dyspepsia with nausea. Cinnamon bark is also an astringent, and cinnamon oil is reported to possess carminative and antiseptic properties. 

Holy thistle is believed to have bitter stomachic, antidiarrheal, antihemorrhagic, febrifuge, expectorant, antibiotic, bacteriostatic, vulnerary, and antiseptic properties. Traditionally, it has been used for anorexia, flatulent dyspepsia, bronchial catarrh, topically for gangrenous and indolent ulcers, and specifically for atonic dyspepsia and enteropathy with flatulent colic. 

Shepherd s purse has antihemorrhagic and urinary antiseptic properties. Traditionally, it is used for menorrhagia, hematemesis, diarrhea, and acute catarrhal cystitis. 

Yarrow possesses diaphoretic, antipyretic, hypotensive, astringent, diuretic, and urinary antiseptic properties. Traditionally, it has been used for fevers, common colds, essential hypertension, amenorrhea, dysentery, diarrhea, and specifically for thrombotic conditions with hypertension, including cerebral and coronary thromboses. 

Lupeol, salicyclic acid, phenol, and sulfur have antiseptic properties. 

The reaction of diethyl zinc with water produces zinc oxide, and then zinc carbonate, as the alkaline reserve. These chemicals have antiseptic properties which may also prevent the growth of mold in paper. They may also improve the brightness of treated papers. However, it is also known that zine oxide is a photosensitizer (56) which may trigger photo-oxidation of treated papers to initiate a chemical chain reaction that will lead eventually to the formation of acidic products (57). Moreover, the interaction of zinc oxide and zinc carbonate with copper, iron and cobalt present in the paper and their subsequent effects on paper stability have not been studied. 

Prout, W.A. and Strickland, M.A., A comparison of the antiseptic properties of certain ointments employing various bases, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 26, 730, 1937. 

Thyme and origanum are widely used in the pharmaceutical field, mainly due to the germicidal and antiseptic properties of phenolic components. 

Therapeutic uses are widespread as peppermint has a skin toning effect and is most effective for digestive disorders such as indigestion and flatulence it stimulates cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, works on ligaments for joint and muscle pain and has local antiseptic properties. 

Uncle Jack survived the horrific Battle of the Somme in World War I, but died of antiseptic poisoning by phenol in hospital, where he was treated for an ingrowing toe nail by a Florence Nightingale-type nurse. Phenol was discovered in 1834 to be slightly acidic with antiseptic properties (a weak 5 % solution was called carbolic acid and was used to kill germs ). When used in the first World War it probably killed many soldiers through overuse, due to its acidic burning effect upon the skin and tissues. More sophisticated antiseptics are now used. 

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