Special Treatment

The collection of representative reservoir fluid samples is important in order to establish the PVT properties - phase envelope, bubble point, Rg, B, and the physical properties - composition, density, viscosity. These values are used to determine the initial volumes of fluid in place in stock tank volumes, the flow properties of the fluid both in the reservoir and through the surface facilities, and to identify any components which may require special treatment, such as sulphur compounds. 

Monolayers can be transferred onto many different substrates. Most LB depositions have been perfonned onto hydrophilic substrates, where monolayers are transferred when pulling tire substrate out from tire subphase. Transparent hydrophilic substrates such as glass [18,19] or quartz [20] allow spectra to be recorded in transmission mode. Examples of otlier hydrophilic substrates are aluminium [21, 22, 23 and 24], cliromium [9, 25] or tin [26], all in their oxidized state. The substrate most often used today is silicon wafer. Gold does not establish an oxide layer and is tlierefore used chiefly for reflection studies. Also used are silver [27], gallium arsenide [27, 28] or cadmium telluride wafer [28] following special treatment. 

Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four... 

Analysis of certain papers requires special treatment before they can be disintegrated properly. Papers containing synthetics, tars, asphalt, mbber, viscose, or wet-strength resins must be analyzed individually (see TAPPI T401) (20). Dyes or colors must be removed from highly colored papers before examination. The method of dye removal depends on the type of dye. 

Vesicant agents, such as mustard, require no special treatment once the bums have occurred. Copious washing is quite effective when used early for Hquid contamination of the eyes, and soap and water removes the Hquid agent from the skin. Bums resulting from mustard agent are treated like any other severe bum. The pulmonary injuries are treated symptomatically antibiotics are used only if indicated for the control of infection. 

Scale-Up on Actual Area The nominal area of a filter as used by equipment manufacturers is based upon the overall dimensions of the filtering surface. The fraction of this total area that is active in filtration is a function of the filterability of the material being handled and any special treatment which the surface may receive. 

A normal enclosure is meant for a reasonably clean atmosphere and a relative humidity not more than 50% for LT and 95% for FIT indoor enclosures. Where the atmosphere is laden with fumes or steam, saline or oil vapours, heat and humidity, excessive dust and water or contaminated with explosive and fire hazardous gases, vapours or volatile liquids (Section 7.11) a special enclosure with a higher degree of protection is required as in lEC 60529 or lEC 60079-14. For non-hazardous areas, the enclosure can be generally one of those discussed in Tables 1. 10 and 1. 11, and when required can be provided with special treatment to the metallic surfaces. For hazardous areas, however, special enclosures will be essential as discussed in Section 7.11. 

This assumption is called the continuity condition, and assures that no region of the body with positive finite volume is deformed into one of zero or negative volume. It also excludes discontinuities such as material interfaces and shock waves which require special treatment. 

Boundary conditions are special treatments used for internal and external boundaries. For example, the center line in cylindrical geometry is an internal boundary that is modeled as a plane of symmetry. External boundaries model the world outside the mesh. The outermost row of elements is often used to implement the boundary condition as shown in Fig. 9.13. The mass, stress, velocity, etc., of the boundary elements are defined by the boundary conditions rather than the governing equations. External boundary conditions are typically prescribed through user input. 

In service industries, special processes include correctness of financial or legal documents, software, professional advice, etc. In such cases, these processes are not separated for special treatment, as all processes in the business may fall into this category. 

A company s PSM initiative deserves some special treatment to attract the initial attention that will help give it momentum. Depending on what is already in place, a special edition of the company newsletter could be produced, including a letter from the CEO and a copy of the PSM vision statement. Other information might include identification of the proposed PSM champion and a summary of the company s preliminary plans. (Two examples of such summaries appear as Figures 2-6 and 2-7.)... 

Sherardizing No special treatment is required other than the removal of any zinc-corrosion products, dirt or oil, etc. 

Frozen confections (ice-cream and ice-lollies) rely on speed of freezing to obtain a certain consistency and texture, and they require special treatment (see Chapter 17). 

Some products require special treatment, for which provision should be made, e.g. ... 

Where several units of the same type are mounted within a space, discrete frequencies will be amplified and beat notes will be apparent. Special treatment is usually called for, in the way of indirect air paths and mass-loaded panels [10, 19, 56, 60]. 

A) Cold vapour technique. This procedure is strictly confined to the determination of mercury,45 which in the elemental state has an appreciable vapour pressure at room temperature so that gaseous atoms exist without the need for any special treatment. As a method for determining mercury compounds the procedure consists in the reduction of a mercury(II) compound with either... 

Ceramics and minerals present many common problems, but ceramics warrant special treatment because elements of low atomic number predominate in them and they consequently offer x-ray emission spectrog-raphy of the light elements an excellent opportunity to prove its usefulness. Scott,8 in making this clear, emphasized the absorption and enhancement effects to be expected, and pointed out the need for careful sample preparation. By use of a General Electric XRD-5 spectrograph and associated equipment, he set up working curves for alumina, silica, potash, lime, phosphate, titania, and iron oxide in clays, refractories, and other ceramic materials. 

The application of these catalysts in the initial state (without any special treatment of the surface organometallic complexes of such cata-lysts) for ethylene polymerization has been described above. The catalysts formed by the reaction of 7r-allyl compounds with Si02 and AUOj were found to be active in the polymerization of butadiene as well (8, 142). The stereospecificity of the supported catalyst differed from that of the initial ir-allyl compounds. n-Allyl complexes of Mo and W supported on silica were found to be active in olefin disproportionation (142a). 

In the case, however, of solid solutions where variability of composition is possible we may expect increased entropy owing to the possibilities of increased randomness of arrangement just as with liquid and gaseous solutions. Also, other special cases might arise where a greater degree of randomness would be possible than in pure, perfect crystals, but such cases could be given a special treatment and would cause no confusion. 

Enzyme Form Proteins are practically insoluble in most organic solvents therefore, in the absence of any special treatment, they are usually present as a solid suspension. This simplifies catalyst-product separation and enzyme reutilization. 

---