Rotary engines

The four-stroke and two-stroke engines described above both use the slider-crank mechanism to transform piston work into crankshaft torque, but other intermittent-combustion engines have been conceived that use different kinematic arrangements to achieve this end. The only one that has realized significant commercial success is the rotary engine first demonstrated successfully in Germany by Felix Wankel in 1957. 

Rhenium compounds as catalysts, 136, 137, 141, 144, 146, 148, 150 Ring-opening polymerization, 143 catalysts for, 140 thermodynamics of, 156 Rotary engine, 123... 

Yoshida M et al ATP synthase—a marvellous rotary engine of the cell. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001 2 669. 

Yoshida M, MuneynM E, Hisabori T. 2001. ATP synthase— A marvelous rotary engine of the cell. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, 669-677. 

Fu, K., Knobloch, A. J., Martinez, F. C., Walther, D. C., Fernandez-Pello, C., Pisano, A. P., Liepmann, D., Miyaska, K., and Maruta, K. Design and Experimental Results of Small-Scale Rotary Engines. Proceedings of2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. New York, USA., 2001. 

The binding change mechanism for the trimeric Fi component resembles the action of a Wankle (or rotary) engine used in some automobiles. Fi s cylinders are made up of three identical polypeptide chains, and each protomeric unit is in a different conformation (designated L for Loose , T for Tight , and O for Open ). ADP and Pi bind to the L-site. Then, an energy-driven step occurs that successively converts L-ADP-Pi to T-ATP and T ATP to O + ATP ... 

These three conformational states are driven by the mechanical rotation of the asft Fi trimer around an axis connecting Fq to Fi. Again by analogy to the rotary engine, the L-, T-, and 0-states represent fueling, igniting, and discharging steps. 

STEREOCHEMICAL TERMINOLOGY, lUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS Rotary engine,... 

The use of magnesium composites has become popular for mbny engine parts. Rotary engines remain attractive for business aircraft, boats, industrial equipment and compressors, and well over a million rmary-engine-powered cars have been buili. In a research program (NASA... 

Lewis Research Center) rotary engine parts are made from graphite-fiber-reinforced magnesium- An AZ9IC magnesium alloy is reinforced by 30% (vol) graphite fibers. 

Castor oil lubricants in rotary engines gave no problems, for reasons explained later, but long-range bombers and flying boats did not use rotary engines and then-needs led to a steady improvement in engine lubricant quality. 

Piston Engine Lubricants 11.2.1 Lubrication of Rotary Engines... 

Fig. 11.1 Bentley, BR2 rotary engine (courtesy of Scottish Museum of Flight)...

Apart from the rotary engines described above, piston engines can all be classified as radial or in-line. In-line engines may have either one bank of cylinders, horizontal or vertical, or they may have two or more banks in various arrangements, Fig. 11.2. 

The earliest piston engines used either mineral or vegetable oil lubricants and in many cases it is now difficult to find out which was preferred. By 1919 the situation had generally stabilised castor oil was always used for rotary engines but mineral oil was widely used in other engines while some engines could use either [4]. 

In 1993, Mazda introduced the HR-X2 at the Tokyo Motor Show. The HR-X2, with a front-mounted rotary engine driving the front wheels, looked much more conventional than the original HR-X but offered much better performance. It had a better range (143 miles, versus 120 for the HR-X) and a higher top speed (90 mph, versus 81). 

Figure 15.19 FI ATP synthase as a rotary engine driving the synthesis of ATP. 

Device Reduction of a Linear Contracting Engine to a Rotary Engine... 

Both protein machines of ATP synthase are rotary motors, made possible by the mechanical coupling of chemo-mechanical transduction due to the Fo-motor to mechano-chemical transduction of the Fi-motor. A single rotor driven by the membranous Fo-motor in turn drives the extramembranous Fj-motor. The Fo-motor of yeast mitochondria, for example, exhibits a 10-fold rotational symmetry, providing a 10-step rotary engine, whereas the Fi-motor of all ATP synthases exhibits a threefold rotational symmetry, resulting in a threefold rotary engine. 

Relevance of the Hydrophobic Elastic Consilient Mechanism to the Fj-motor Functioning as an ATPase Analogy to the Internal Combustion Rotary Engine... 

---