Vaccinations pneumococcal

Avoidance of risk factor(s) influenza vaccination pneumococcal vaccine ... 

Vaccines Pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent, 23 types of S. pneumoniae PNU-Immune- 23 0.5 ml dose contains 26 pg polysaccharide antigen purified from 23 serotypes of S. pneumoniae IM,SC NA NA NA Single 0.5 ml dose NA NA... 

Avoidance of risk factorfs) influenza vaccination pneumococcal vaaine ... 

Vaccines for special populations are Hsted in Table 2. Two vaccines that are in fairly widespread use in the adult population are vaccines that prevent viral influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. 

Indications for Use. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine maybe used for immuni2ation of persons two years of age or older who are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. 

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. The vaccine consists of a mixture of purified capsular polysaccharides from 23 pneumococcal types that are responsible for over 90% of the serious pneumococcal disease in the world (47,48). Each of the polysaccharide types is produced separately and treated to remove impurities. The latter is commonly achieved by alcohol fractionation, centrifugation, treatment with cationic detergents, proteolytic en2ymes, nucleases or activated charcoal, diafiltration, and lyophili2ation (49,50). The vaccine contains 25 micrograms of each of the types of polysaccharide and a preservative such as phenol or thimerosal. 

The use of antibiotics is not recommended, except for the treatment of infectious exacerbations of COPD and other bacterial infections. Influenza vaccines decrease illness and death in COPD patients. Pneumococcal vaccination is also recommended. 

Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia caused by the types of pneumococci included in the vaccine Active immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae for infants and toddlers... 

Pneumococcal vaccine. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for all children age 2-23 months. It is also recommended for certain children age 24-59 months. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is recommended in addition to PCV for certain high-risk groups. See MMWR. 2000 49(RR-9) 1-35. 

Type B vaccine, the Neisseria meningitidis Type A and C vaccine, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and an acellular typhoid vaccine. 

In general, it is suggested that patients remain up to date on standard immunizations. Patients with HF should be counseled to receive yearly influenza vaccinations. Additionally, a pneumococcal vaccine is recommended. Usually only one pneumonia vaccination is necessary unless a patient is vaccinated before age 65. In that case, a booster vaccination is suggested 5 years after the initial vaccination. 

Educate the patient on lifestyle modifications such as salt restriction (maximum 2 to 4 grams per day), fluid restriction if appropriate, limitation of alcohol, tobacco cessation, participation in a cardiac rehabilitation and exercise program, and proper immunizations such as the pneumococcal vaccine and yearly influenza vaccine. 

Asthma patients should receive the influenza vaccine every year.1 Although the pneumococcal vaccine may decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease in asthmatics, current guidelines do not include the routine administration of this vaccine to asthma patients.1,14... 

Serious illness and death in COPD patients can be reduced by about 50% with annual influenza vaccination. The optimal time for vaccination is usually from early October through mid-November. All patients with COPD should also receive a one-time vaccination with the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, even though sufficient data supporting its use in COPD patients are lacking.1,2 Patients over 65 years of age should be revacdnated if it has been more than 5 years since initial vaccination and they were less than 65 years of age at the time. 

Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended in patients with underlying cirrhosis to prevent additional liver damage from an acute viral infection.35 Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination may also be appropriate and can reduce hospitalizations due to influenza or pneumonia. 

Influenza and pneumonia are common preventable infectious diseases that increase mortality and morbidity in persons with chronic diseases including DM.5 Yearly influenza vaccinations, commonly called flu shots, are recommended for patients with DM. Pneumococcal vaccination also is recommended for patients with DM as a one-time vaccination for most patients. 

Because patient with SCD have impaired splenic function, they are less adequately protected against encapsulated organisms such as S. pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Salmonella. The use of pneumococcal vaccine in SCD patients has decreased the rates of morbidity and mortality dramatically. However, there are still groups of SCD children who continue to have high rates of invasive pneumococcal infections.17 Two pneumococcal vaccines are available. The 7-valent conjugate... 

PCV 7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine PPV 23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. From Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,18 Committee on Infectious Diseases,16 and Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium.27... 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease—United States, 1998-2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2005 54(36) 893-897. 

Prevention of pneumococcal disease through the use of vaccination is a national goal. 

Prevention of pneumococcal disease by use of vaccination is a national goal Vaccination is used to prevent or minimize the severity of pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae or the influenza virus. 

There are two pneumococcal vaccines, a 7-valent conjugated vaccine for children younger than 6 years of age and a 23-purified-capsular polysaccharide antigen vaccine for adults. The 23 capsular types in the vaccine represent at least 85% to 90% of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal infections among children and adults in the United States.41 After vaccination, an antigen-specific antibody response, indicated by a twofold or greater rise in serotype-specific antibody, develops within 2 to 3 weeks in 80% or more of healthy young adults.42... 

The conjugated pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for all children aged 2 to 23 months and for certain children aged... 

Herd immunity refers to high levels of immunization in one population resulting in protection of another unvaccinated population. For example, concentrated vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine resulted in decreased invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection not only in the vaccinated children, but also in elderly persons within the same community. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. S. pneumoniae causes approximately 3000 cases of meningitis, 50,000 cases of bacteremia, 500,000 cases of pneumonia, and over 1 million cases of otitis media each year. The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant S. pneumoniae has highlighted the need to prevent infection through vaccination. Both licensed pneumococcal vaccines are highly effective in preventing disease from the common S. pneumoniae serotypes that cause human disease. 

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine contains 23 serotypes that are responsible for causing more than 80% of invasive S. pneumoniae infections in adults. The vaccine includes those serotypes that are associated with drug resistance. Use of the vaccine will not prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae, but is likely to prevent infection from drug-resistant strains. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has demonstrated good immunogenicity in adults, but an individual will not develop immunity to all 23 serotypes following vaccination.10... 

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for use in all adults 65 years of age or older and adults less than 65 years who have medical comorbidities that increase the risk for serious complications from S. pneumoniae infection, such as chronic pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, functional or anatomic asplenia, and immunosuppressive disorders. Alaskan natives and certain Native American populations are also at increased risk. Children over the age of 2 years may be vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine if they are at increased risk for invasive S. pneumoniae infections, such as children with sickle cell anemia or those receiving cochlear implants. 

Revaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for adults over the age of 65 years if the first dose was administered when they were less than 65 years... 

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