Capsular polysaccharide antigens

There are two pneumococcal vaccines, a 7-valent conjugated vaccine for children younger than 6 years of age and a 23-purified-capsular polysaccharide antigen vaccine for adults. The 23 capsular types in the vaccine represent at least 85% to 90% of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal infections among children and adults in the United States.41 After vaccination, an antigen-specific antibody response, indicated by a twofold or greater rise in serotype-specific antibody, develops within 2 to 3 weeks in 80% or more of healthy young adults.42... 

Goldman DL, Casadevall A, Zuckier LS. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide antigen in a rat model of cryptococcal meningitis implications for passive immunotherapy. J Med Vet Mycol 1997 35(4) 271-8. 

Ho, C. Y, Lo, T. W., Leung, K. N., Fung, K. R. and Choy, Y. M. The immnnostimnlating activities of anti-tumor polysaccharide from K1 capsular, polysaccharide antigen isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Immunopharmacology, 46, 1, 2000. 

Bureau of Biologies. Molecular sizing of capsular polysaccharide antigens by Sepharose 4B column chromatography. BOB SOP pp 15. Food and Drug Administration, 1977. 

Isol. from polysialoglycoproteins of rainbow trout eggs. Constit. of Klebsiella ozaenae capsular polysaccharide antigen K4. Plays an important role in egg function by protecting the non reducing termini of polysialoglycoproteins from enzymatic attack. 

Ci4H24N20,o 380.351 Structural element of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Streptoccoc-cus pneumoniae type 1. 

A book dealing with the surface carbohydrates of prokaryotic cells has discussed, among other topics, capsular polysaccharide antigens, immunological expression, the structures of bacterial polysaccharides,and the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides. ... 

The capsular polysaccharide antigen of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 29-e, composed of equimolar amounts of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and 3-deoxy-D-wawio-octulosonic acid (KDO), has been identified, using a combination of chemical and n.m.r. spectroscopic techniques, as a linear polysaccharide having alternative sequences of the two residues (16). ... 

Deoxy-D-mfmw-octulosonic acid has been identified as the principal component (53%) of the capsular polysaccharide antigen of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 29-e. ... 

Vaccines can be roughly categorized into killed vaccines and Hve vaccines. A killed vaccine can be (/) an inactivated, whole microorganism such as pertussis, (2) an inactivated toxin, called toxoid, such as diphtheria toxoid, or (J) one or more components of the microorganism commonly referred to as subunit vaccines. The examples are capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the surface antigen protein for Hepatitis B vims vaccine. 

In the cell-wall antigen from Staphylococcus aureus M, taurine is linked as an amide (51) to a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactosyluronic residue. l-Threonine and L-glutamic acid are linked as amides to D-glucuronic acid residues in the LPS from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 and in the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella K82, respectively. In the capsular polysaccharide from E. coli K54, L-serine and L-threonine, in the ratio 1 9, are linked to the carboxyl group of a D-glucuronic acid residue. In the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type d,... 

A structural study on lipid A and the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopoly-saccharide from a clinical isolate of Bacteroides vulgatus from a patient with Crohn s disease was conducted by Hashimoto and coworkers [39]. They separated two potent virulence factors, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from a clinical isolate of B. vulgatus and characterized the structure of CPS. Next, they elucidated the strucmres of O-antigen polysaccharide (OPS) and lipid A in the LPS. LPS was subjected to weak acid hydrolysis to produce the lipid A fraction and polysaccharide fraction. Lipid A was isolated by PLC, and its structure was determined by MS and NMR. 

Antigen found in the sterile filtrate of B. anthracis Purified capsular polysaccharide of... 

The first report of the occurrence of KDO in a structure other than LPS was that of Taylor47 on the capsular polysaccharide (K-antigen) of a clinical isolate, Escherichia coli LP1092. Almost simultaneously, Bhattachaijee and coworkers83 described an exopolysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 29e. This material contains KDO... 

Despite their popularity, aluminium-based adjuvants suffer from several drawbacks. They tend to effectively stimulate only the humoral arm of the immune response. They cannot be frozen or lyophylized, as either process promotes destruction of their gel-based structure. In addition, aluminium-based products display poor or no adjuvanticity when combined with some antigens (e.g. typhoid or Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharides). 

Modem subunit vaccines contain one or more selected antigenic subunits that have been found to provide protection against a particular pathogen. They are better defined from a physicochemical aspect and have fewer side effects than vaccines, which contain intact cells, whether inactivated or attenuated. Current subunit antigens include viral and bacterial proteins as well as bacterial capsular polysaccharides. 

Immunoadsorbents can be made with whole antigens or haptens. For example, Haber42 reported the preparation of a Diplococcus pneumoniae Type III immunoadsorbent. The capsular polysaccharide (S III) was p-nitrobenzylated to a low degree of substitution by the method of Avery and Goebel.43 The resultant ether was re-... 

Studies on the white clover -Rhizobium trifolii interaction are the most advanced. Trifoliin A, a lectin present in clover-seedling roots, binds hapten reversibly to carbohydrate antigens cross-reactive on the capsular polysaccharide of R. trifolii and clover epidermal-cells.244 A specific hapten that inhibits binding of trifoliin A to both surfaces is 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexose.245 It has also been shown that levels of trifoliin A on root hairs decline with increasing concentrations of nitrate, in parallel to root-nodule development,246 and that lectin receptors are transient on R. trifolii, in a way coinciding with its capacity to be adsorbed to clover roots.247... 

---