Pneumococcal infections vaccination against

Wright AKA, Briles DE, Metzger DW, Gordon SB. Prospects for use of interleukin-12 as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccination of humans to protect against respiratory pneumococcal infection. Vaccine 2008 26(38) 4893-903. 

Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended in patients with underlying cirrhosis to prevent additional liver damage from an acute viral infection.35 Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination may also be appropriate and can reduce hospitalizations due to influenza or pneumonia. 

Because patient with SCD have impaired splenic function, they are less adequately protected against encapsulated organisms such as S. pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Salmonella. The use of pneumococcal vaccine in SCD patients has decreased the rates of morbidity and mortality dramatically. However, there are still groups of SCD children who continue to have high rates of invasive pneumococcal infections.17 Two pneumococcal vaccines are available. The 7-valent conjugate... 

Penicillin prophylaxis until at least 5 years of age is also recommended in children with SCD, even if they have been immunized with the 7-valent vaccine as prophylaxis against pneumococcal infections. Prophylactic treatment should begin at 2 months of age or earlier. An effective regimen that yields an 84% decrease in observed incidence of pneumococcal infections is penicillin V potassium at a dosage of 125 mg orally twice daily until the age of 3 years, followed by 250 mg twice daily until the age of 5 years. An alternate regimen... 

Pneumococcal vaccine is a bacterial vaccine that induces antibodies against 23 capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The type-specific antibody facilitates bacterial destruction by complement-mediated lysis. It is indicated in protection against pneumococcal pneumonia, pneumococcal bacteremia, and other pneumococcal infections. This bacterial vaccine is used for pneumococcal immunization. 

This vaccine is protective against invasive pneumococcal infections in immunocompetent adults [15]. Table 7 [14] lists the mouse IgG and IgM antibody response of four types of pneumococcal polysaccharide present in X-ray irradiated Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Lot A and in a corresponding non-irradiated controls of the same polysaccharide type in Lot A. The type 9V, 14, 18C, and 19F polysaccharide samples were irradiated with X-rays at 24 kGy at room temperature and with X-rays at 13kGy at liquid nitrogen temperature. In each case for both the IgG and IgM mouse antibody responses there appeared to be no significant difference between the irradiated samples and the controls. 

The vaccine is both cost effective and protective against invasive pneumococcal infection when administered to immunocompetent persons aged 2 years or older. Therefore, all persons in the following categories should receive the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Table 2). If earlier vaccination status is unknown, persons in these categories should be given pneumococcal vaccine. 

Persons aged 2 to 64 years who have functional or anatomical asplenia (e.g., sickle cell disease or splenectomy) also should be vaccinated. These persons are at highest risk for pneumococcal infection, because this condition leads to reduced clearance of encapsulated bacterial from the bloodstream. Persons with such a condition should be informed that vaccination does not guarantee protection against fulminant pneumococcal disease, for which the case-fatality rate is 50% to 80%. Asplenic patients with unexplained fever or manifestations of sepsis should receive prompt medical attention, including evaluation and... 

Pneumococcal Disease In October 2002, the FDA approved the use of Prevnar for immunization of infants and toddlers against otitis media— middle ear infection. Prevnar is a pneumococcal seven-valent conjugate vaccine. It is formulated with a sterile solution of saccharides conjugated to the antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

This vaccine is recommended for those who are at risk of pneumococcal pneumonia. A single dose of vaccine gives protection against infection. Revaccination is required at a later date. 

Nayak, A. R., Tinge, S. A., Tart, R. C., McDaniel, L. S., and Briles, D. E., 3rd, and Curtiss, R. (1998), A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infect. Immun., 66,3744—3751. 

Induction of active immunity against pneumococcal disease caused by the pneumococcal antigen types included in the vaccine (the vaccine protects against pneumococcal pneumonia. pneumococcal bacteremia, and other pncuiiiiK iK Cal infections)... 

Appropriate immunizations should be a primary consideration in the prevention of infections in HSCT recipients. Immunizations against common bacterial and viral pathogens are timed to avoid periods of severe immunosuppression following HSCT when the protective response to vaccination potentially would be decreased. Current recommendations for immunization of HSCT patients include three doses each of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or diphtheria-tetanus, inactivated polio, conjugated H. influenzae type b, and hepatitis B vaccines at 12, 14, and 24 months after transplantation. The 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine should be administered at 12 and 24 months after HSCT, and the influenza vaccine should be administered prior to HSCT, resumed at least 6 months after transplantation, and con-... 

The pneumococcal vaccine titers persist in most adults for 5 years the vaccine protects against pneumonia and clients with COPD should receive it to prevent lung infections. 

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