Uterine infection

O Primary peritonitis develops in up to 25% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.3 Patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) average one episode of peritonitis every 2 years.4 Secondary peritonitis may be caused by perforation of a peptic ulcer traumatic perforation of the stomach, small or large bowel, uterus, or urinary bladder appendicitis pancreatitis diverticulitis bowel infarction inflammatory bowel disease cholecystitis operative contamination of the peritoneum or diseases of the female genital tract such as septic abortion, postoperative uterine infection, endometritis, or salpingitis. Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of intraabdominal infection. In 1998, 278,000 appendectomies were performed in the United States for suspected appendicitis.5... 

Endometritis in mares may be associated with at least four clinical s)mdromes. It can be caused by sexually transmitted infections, such as Taylorella equigenitalis (contagious equine metritis). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pseudomonas and Klebsiella spp. may also be present in the fecal and genital flora. Chronic uterine infection with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Escherichia coli are often associated with contamination of the uterus by fecal and genital flora. 

Endometritis is most common in older multiparous mares and may be associated with impaired uterine defense mechanisms secondary to dysfunctional myometrial electrical activity. Incompetence of the vulva, vestibulo-vaginal sphincter or cervix may also predispose mares to the development of chronic uterine infections. 

The treatment of endometritis should include antimicrobial therapy based on culture and susceptibility testing (see Ch. 2). The treatments used commonly for bacterial and fungal uterine infections in horses are included in Tables 11.1 and 11.2. Fungal or yeast infections often result from the extensive use of antimicrobial agents in the uterus. These infections are difficult to treat and may cause permanent damage to the endometrium. An intrinsic problem with uterine yeast or fungal infections is the prolonged and potentially expensive therapy required. 

The action of sialidase also contributes to the liquification of muein barriers lining endothelia, as mentioned above for Acanthamoeba infeetion of the eye. This property is most relevant in tracheobronchial, intestinal and urogenital tracts [245,853], Often other hydrolases, mucinases , support the viscosity-decreasing effeet initiated by mere desialylation of mucins, as was observed with intestinal [854,855], vaginal [856] and other [857] bacteria, as well as with the flagellates Trichomonas vaginalis and T. foetus [858]. Microbial sialidase is considered a risk factor for intra-uterine infection and preterm birth [858]. 

Listeria A genus of rod-shaped aerobic motile Gram-positive bacteria. Only one species, L. monocytogenes, causes disease (listeriosis). It is resistant to physical and chemical treatments and can occur as a contaminant in certain foods, in faeces, etc. Listeriosis can take various forms, depending on the site of infection localization in the central nervous system causes meningo-encephaUtis, while uterine infection can result in abortion or congenital handicap in the fetus. 

The most significant mechanism for primary dysmenorrhea is the release of prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid and possibly vasopressin-mediated vasoconstriction.5,17 Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea may include cervical stenosis, endometriosis, pelvic infections, pelvic congestion syndrome, uterine or cervical polyps, and uterine fibroids.20... 

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Inflammation of the endometrium, uterine tubes, and pelvic peritoneum. PID is often due to a sexually transmitted infection. 

Ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large intestine and the rectum Urticaria a skin condition characterised by pruritus Uterine fibroids fibrous tissue growth in the uterus Verrucas viral skin infection, wart... 

The IM and SC routes are by far the most frequently used extravascular parenteral routes of drug administration in farm animals. The less frequently used parenteral routes have limited application, in that they aim at directly placing high concentrations of antimicrobial agent close to the site of infection. These routes of administration include intra-articular or subconjuctival injection and intra-mammary or intra-uterine infusion. These local routes differ from the major parenteral routes in that absorption into the systemic circulation is not a prerequisite for delivery of drug to the site of action. The combined use of systemic and local delivery of drug to the site of infection represents the optimum approach to... 

Amikacin is indicated for the treatment of genital tract infections in the mare by intra-uterine infusion. 

Leucorrhea. A whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina and uterine cavity. Leukocyte. White blood cells. Leukocytosis. A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood, resulting from hemorrhage, fever, infection, inflammation, etc. 

Especially in younger children, uninhibited and unpredictable detrusor contractions can be caused by constipation alone, by lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), or by constipation-associated UTls (Yazbeck et ak, 1987 Reiner, 1995). Pediatric pelvic organ structural immaturity prevents complete bladder filling by colorectal obstipation and hyperdistention. By contrast, mature vaginal-uterine or prostatic structural... 

Various types of adherent cells were grown on a coverslip, which was then laid on top of the LAPS chip. Measurements were made for acidification of (1) normal human epidermal keratinocytes stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGP) or organic chemicals, and of (2) human uterine sarcoma cells as a response to doxorubicin and vincristine (chemotherapeutic drugs). In addition, the inhibition (by ribavirin) of the viral infection of murine fibroblastic L cells by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was investigated by following the acidification rate. A limitation of these studies is the requirement for a low-buffered medium (low bicarbonate content) to achieve maximum sensitivity [847]. 

Cloves are more often used to assist the action of other herbal remedies rather than alone. When not available, allspice is substituted. It is spicy, warming, stimulant, anodyne, anaesthetic (topical), antiemetic, antigriping (added to other herbs), vermifuge, uterine stimulant, stomachic, aromatic, carminative, antiseptic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, expectorant, aphrodisiac and promotes salivation and digestive juices. The oil is expectorant, anaesthetic, emmenogogue it affects the kidney, spleen and stomach and has preservative properties. Tea made from clove bud (other herbs/spices can be used or added to cloves, such as allspice, bay, cinnamon and marjoram) has been used to relieve bronchitis, asthma, coughs, a tendency to infection, tuberculosis, altitude... 

Copper deficiency Copper imbalance causes health disorders that include arthritis, fatigue, adrenal burnout, insomnia, scoliosis, osteoporosis, heart disease, cancer, migraine headaches, seizures, fungal and bacterial infections, gum disease, tooth decay, skin and hair problems, and female organ conditions including uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Copper deficiency is associated with atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions, aneurysms, gout, and anemia. - - ... 

Vitamin A-deficient experimental animals fail to grow adults are blind and sterile, with testicular degeneration in males and keratinization of the uterine epithelium in females. Although deficient female animals wUl conceive, and the fetuses will implant, formation of the placenta is impaired and the fetuses are resorbed. Epithelia in general are hyperplastic and keratinized, and there is impaired cellular immunity with increased susceptibility to infection. Both retinol and retinoic acid are required for gestation in the rat in deficient animals, retinoic acid alone will not prevent fetal resorption after about day 10 of gestation (WeUik and DeLuca, 1995 WeUik et al., 1997). 

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