Tooth decay

Tooth decay Tooth enamel Toothp aste... 

A number of salts of the monofluoro- and hexafluorophosphoric acids are known and some are commercially important. The salts of difluorophosphoric acid are typically less stable toward hydrolysis and are less well characterized. Sodium monofluorophosphate [7631-97-2] the most widely used dentifrice additive for the reduction of tooth decay, is best known (see Dentifrices). Several hexafluorophosphates can be prepared by neutralization of the appropriate base using hexafluorophosphoric acid. The monofluorophosphates are usually prepared by other methods (57) because neutralization of the acid usually results in extensive hydrolysis. 

Dental x-rays provide valuable information on the health of teeth which cannot be obtained by any other medical imaging modaUty. Dental x-ray procedures use a piece of film placed in the mouth between the tongue and the teeth. A 60 to 70 keV source of x-rays, located outside the mouth, is directed at the film. Metal fillings attenuate x-rays striking the film and therefore appear white in a projection image. Tooth decay appears dark as it attenuates x-rays less than normal tooth enamel. 

Medicine. The polymethacrylates have been used for many years in the manufacture of dentures, teeth, denture bases, and filling materials (116,117) (see Dental materials). In the orthodontics market, methacrylates have found acceptance as sealants, or pit and fissure resin sealants which are painted over teeth and act as a barrier to tooth decay. The dimensional behavior of curing bone-cement masses has been reported (118), as has the characterization of the microstmcture of a cold-cured acryUc resin (119). Polymethacrylates are used to prepare both soft and hard contact lenses (120,121). Hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate are used in soft contact lenses and other biomedical appHcations (122,123) (see Contactlenses). 

For many years, there has been concern by medical professionals and nutritionists over the effects of dietary sugar on human health. Sucrose has been imphcated as a cause of juvenile hyperactivity, tooth decay, diabetes meUitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypoglycemia, and nutrient deficiencies. 

Anticariogenicity. Sugar alcohols are not fermented to release acids that may cause tooth decay by the oral bacteria which metabolize sugars and starches (208). As a result, use of sugar alcohols in sugar-free chewing gum, pressed mints, confections, and toothpaste has been widely accepted. 

Zahn-faule, /, tooth decay, (dental) caries. 

Xylose is a common sugar found in many types of wood, including maple and cherry. Because it is much less prone to cause tooth decay than sucrose, xylose has been used in candy and chewing gum. Assign ft or S configurations to the chirality centers in xylose. 

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol. It has two thirds the calories of sugar, and is only 60 percent as sweet. It is poorly absorbed by the body, so it does not raise insulin levels as much as sugar. It does not promote tooth decay. 

Maltitol is used in reduced-calorie foods as a sweetener. It does not promote tooth decay, and so it is used to sweeten toothpastes and mouthwash. It is especially useful in low-calorie chocolate, because it is more like sugar than other sugar alcohols. It doesn t absorb water from the air, it is stable under heating, and it has a high melting point. 

Tooth enamel is a hydroxyapatite, Ca5(P04)30H. Tooth decay begins when acids attack the enamel ... 

The principal agents of tooth decay are the carboxylic acids produced when bacteria act on the remains of food. A more resistant coating forms when the OH ions in the apatite are replaced by F ions. The resulting mineral is called fluorapatite ... 

For centuries, there have been many records in China relating to the health benefits of drinking tea. People have believed that tea can stimulate thought processes and mental alertness increase blood flow clear the urine and facilitate its flow prevent tooth decay increase the body s power of resistance to a wide range of diseases and prolong life expectancy. However, these claims were primarily anecdotal. It is only in the last few decades that the health benefits of tea are beginning to be demonstrated from a scientific perspective. Numerous recent reports on tea and human health have been examined and this chapter gives a brief review of certain aspects of current research. 

Studies have proven conclusively that fluoride is an effective tooth decay preventative. As a result, in the late 1960s and 1970s, many... 

The deficit of I, Co, Mn, and Zn, moderate excess of Si and disturbed ratios of trace metals to I and Si are characteristic features of the biogeochemical food web of this Pre-Volga sub-region of biosphere. Most of its natural water sources have a decreased content of fluorine. These peculiarities of biogeochemical food web favor the occurrence of tooth decay (caries) and endemic goiter. 

It is highly probable that almost any fertilized rat egg cell can be made to develop into a healthy rat with healthy noncarious teeth if its nutrition is adequately cared for during uterine, suckling, and later states. It is likewise highly probable that any fertilized rat egg cell can be made to develop into a rat which will be susceptible to teeth decay if its nutrition is made defective in the appropriate manner. What this "appropriate manner" is, is yet to be discovered. We are again face to face with the problem What metabolic peculiarities (probably augmented nutritional demands) are basic to susceptibility to tooth decay ... 

Anticholinergic medications can produce a variety of side effects. They can cause dry mouth and dry skin. Dry mouth is not only a nuisance but can lead to rapid tooth decay as well. Anticholinergic medications can also cause blurred vision and... 

Stannous fluoride (SnF ) is used as a toothpaste additive to help prevent tooth decay. 

Probably the most common use of fluorine is its addition to municipal water supphes to help prevent tooth decay. Stannous (II) fluoride (SnFj) is added to the water in proportions of about one part per million (1 ppm). In addition, many brands of toothpaste add stannous fluoride or other fluoride compounds to their product to help prevent tooth decay. Tooth enamel degenerates overtime. Fluorine promotes remineralization, essentially making a form of new enamel called fluorapatite, which is resistant to decay. 

Sodium fluoride (NaF), in the concentration of one ppm, is added to municipal drinking water to help reduce tooth decay. It is also used as an insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide, as well as in the manufacture of adhesives, disinfectants, and dental products. 

C.M. Jones, G.O. Taylor, J.G. Whittle, D. Evans, D.P. Trotter, Water fluoridation, tooth decay in 5 year olds, and social deprivation measured by the Jarman score Analysis of data from British dental surveys. Br. Med. J. 315 (1997) 514-517. 

TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES India. Decoctions of the dried and fresh buds and leaves are taken orally for headache and fever " . Powder or decoction of the dried leaf is applied to teeth to prevent tooth decay S Fresh leaf juice is taken orally for abortion , and as a contraceptive and hemostatic b Mexico. Hot water extract of the leaf is taken orally by nursing mothers to increase milk production " . 

Heart rate changes Dental caries, dry mouth Constipation Urinary symptoms Blockade of muscarinic receptors, possibly M2 and M3 Tachycardia Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Sedation Dry mouth Constipation Urinary retention Lower dose or switch to alternate antidepressant May respond to HS dosing Use candies, gum potential for tooth decay in longterm use Use suppositories May lead to paralytic ileus in toxicity Richelson, 1990... 

Saguinarine Raises blood pressure, antimicrobial, slows tumor growth, combats tooth decay... 

The considerable list in Table 6.3 illustrates some of the companies that are currently preparing plant-based biopharmaceutical technologies for commercialization. Steps have been taken toward the development and subsequent commercialization of one of these products, currently in Phase 2 clinical trials and known as CaroRx (licensed to Planet Biotechnology Inc., Hayward, CA) a monoclonal antibody designed for treatment of tooth decay by S. mutans is described in the following text. 

In recent years the consumption of carbohydrates in the form of refined sugar has received significant attention from health professionals. The annual consumption of sugar in the United States is about 50 pounds per person or just under 1 pound per week. The adverse effects of excessive sugar in the diet include obesity, increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, tooth decay, and disruptive behavior such as hyperactivity in children. Because of these problems, the food industry has used a number of synthetic or artificial sweeteners in place of sugar. These artificial sweeteners may reduce the use of sugars, but they have also been... 

Fluoride ion tends to replace the isoelectronic ion OH- in solids. In particular, hydroxyapatite, Cas O OH, the chief constituent of tooth enamel, reacts slowly with aqueous fluoride to form fluoroapatite, which is harder and more resistant to tooth decay. The dental profession therefore advocates fluoride treatments at the time of regular dental checkups, and also (primarily to provide for the dental health of children) the presence of 0.7-1.0 ppm natural or added F in drinking water. Too much (>4 ppm) F in water, however, is acknowledged to cause mottling of teeth and bone sclerosis. Thus, the range of concentrations over which fluoride in public drinking water is considered to be beneficial is rather narrow. 

It is recommended that drinking water contain 1.6 ppm fluoride (F ) for prevention of tooth decay. Consider a reservoir with a diameter of 4.50 X 102 m and a depth of 10.0 m. (The volume is where r is the radius and h is the height.) How many grains of F should be added to give 1.6 ppm How many grams of sodium fluoride, NaF, contain this much fluoride ... 

An important example of the effect of pH on solubility is tooth decay. Tooth enamel contains the mineral hydroxyapatite, which is insoluble near neutral pH, but dissolves in acid because both phosphate and hydroxide in the hydroxyapatite react with H+ ... 

Bacteria on the surface of our teeth metabolize sugars to produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH enough to slowly dissolve tooth enamel. Fluoride inhibits tooth decay because it forms fluorapatite, Cal0(PO4)6F2, which is more acid resistant than hydroxyapatite. 

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