Peritoneal dialysis continuous ambulatory

Freedom from the "machine" gives the patient a sense of independence (for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis). 

Primary peritonitis generally is caused by a single organism (.Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis). 

O Primary peritonitis develops in up to 25% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.3 Patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) average one episode of peritonitis every 2 years.4 Secondary peritonitis may be caused by perforation of a peptic ulcer traumatic perforation of the stomach, small or large bowel, uterus, or urinary bladder appendicitis pancreatitis diverticulitis bowel infarction inflammatory bowel disease cholecystitis operative contamination of the peritoneum or diseases of the female genital tract such as septic abortion, postoperative uterine infection, endometritis, or salpingitis. Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of intraabdominal infection. In 1998, 278,000 appendectomies were performed in the United States for suspected appendicitis.5... 

Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of antibiotics is preferred over IV therapy in the treatment of peritonitis that occurs in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) recently revised its guidelines for the diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated infections.24 The guidelines provide dosing recommendations for intermittent and continuous therapy based on the modality of dialysis [CAPD or automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)] and the extent of the patient s residual renal function. 

CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation... 

Elevated Lp(a) levels were reported in patients with various forms of renal failure and under treatments like hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (B28, Cll, H5, K2, K5, M34, P4, P6, S8, T2, W8). After renal transplantation and CAPD, Lp(a) concentrations are reported to de-... 

M34. Murphy, B. G., McNamee, P., Duly, E., Henry, W., Archbold, P., and Trinick, T., Increased serum apolipoprotein(a) in patients with chronic renal failure treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel.) 93, 53-57 (1992). 

CAPD refers to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 

In patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, administer cefepime at normal recommended doses at a dosage interval of every 48 hours. 

Ceftazidime also can be used in patients undergoing intraperitoneal dialysis (IPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CARD). Give a loading dose of 1 g, followed by 500 mg every 24 hours. In addition to IV use, ceftazidime can be incorporated in the dialysis fluid at a concentration of 250... 

Renal function impairment Because daptomycin is eliminated primarily by the kidney, a dosage modification is recommended for patients with creatinine clearance (Ccr) less than 30 mL/min, including patients receiving hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CARD). When possible, administer daptomycin following hemodialysis on hemodialysis days. 

Metabolism/Excretion - In the first 24 hours, approximately 75% of a dose is excreted in urine by glomerular filtration. Elimination half-life is 4 to 6 hours in adults and 2 to 3 hours in children. About 60% of an intraperitoneal dose administered during peritoneal dialysis is absorbed systemically in 6 hours. Accumulation occurs in renal failure. Serum half-life in anephric patients is approximately 7.5 days. Vancomycin is not significantly removed by hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, although there have been reports of increased clearance with hemoperfusion and hemofiltration. 

Reports have revealed that administration of sterile vancomycin by the intraperitoneal route during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CARD) has resulted in a syndrome of chemical peritonitis. This syndrome has ranged from a... 

Patients requiring continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CARD) or hemodialysis -... 

Seedat YK. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in South Africa. S Afr Med J 1984 65 229-30. 

Vancomycin and teicoplanin display excellent activity against staphylococci and streptococci, but because of the wide availability of equally effective and less toxic drugs, they are second-line drugs in the treatment of most infections. As antistaphylococcal agents they are less effective than 3-lactam cephalosporin antibiotics, such as nafciUin and cefazoUn. They have attained much wider use in recent years as a consequence of the emergence of methicUlin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections, in particular the growing importance of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections associated with the use of intravascular catheters and in patients with peritonitis who are on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 

Swartz R.D., B. Starmann, A.M. Hovarth, S.C. Olson, and E.L. Posvar (1990). Pharmacokinetics of quinaprilat during continuous ambulatory peritoneal-dialysis. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30 1136-1141. 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was found at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 4.2 mg/L serum in 17 haemodialysis patients after dialysis and 0.1-0.9 mg/L in four of seven continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. In three of the CAPD patients and in all of the predialysis patients, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was not detected (< 0.1 mg/L) in no case could the hydrolysis product mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate be detected (< 0.4 mg/L) (Nassbeiger et al., 1987). 

In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAP )), approximately 21 of dialysate solution is infused into the patient s peritoneal cavity, and is exchanged with new dialysate about four times each day. The patient need not stay in bed, as with ordinary hemodialysis, but it is difficult to continue CAPD for many years due to the formation of peritoneal adhesions. 

Oyibo SO, Pritchard GM, McLay L, James E, Laing I, Gokal R, Boulton AJ. Blood glucose overestimation in diabetic patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease. Diabet Med 2002 19(8) 693-6. 

As mentioned already, the artificial kidney is a classic example of chemical engineering prowess. The proper design of such devices requires a description of both water and solute transport to and from blood, across membranes, and to and from an adjacent fluid known as the dialysate. Variations on this theme include hemodilution, hemoconcentration, and hemofiltration. Applications of these same principles have been used to examine continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Oxygenation of blood,... 

Steinman MA, Steinman TI. Clarithromycin-associated visual hallucinations in a patient with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1996 27(l) 143-6. 

Joffe, R, Thomsen, H.S., and Meusel, M. (1998) Pharmacokinetics of gadodiamide injection in patients with severe renal insufficiency and patients undergoing hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CAPD -h -h -h-h -h None No... 

Baillie GR, Eisele G. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis A review of its mechanics, advantages, complications, and areas of controversy. Ann Pharmacother 1992 26 1409-20. 

Peritonitis occurs frequently in renally impaired patients who are receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Peritonitis is often accompanied by systemic infection so that therapeutic levels... 

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