Menstrual fluid

The most significant mechanism for primary dysmenorrhea is the release of prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid and possibly vasopressin-mediated vasoconstriction.5,17 Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea may include cervical stenosis, endometriosis, pelvic infections, pelvic congestion syndrome, uterine or cervical polyps, and uterine fibroids.20... 

Researches have developed methods to test for HIV and estimate the amounts of infectious virus present in various body fluids and secretions. HIV can be isolated relatively easily from blood, semen, and vaginal/cervical secretions (including menstrual fluid). When blood and semen are examined closely, the great majority of HIV is associated with infected cells (mostly macrophages) present in these fluids. In blood, if the cells are removed, low levels of HIV are present in the cell-free serum. It has also been isolated from breast milk. With much greater difficulty, the virus has on occasion been isolated from saliva, tears, urine, perspiration, and feces. 

Emmenagogue. A substance that promotes or assists the flow of menstrual fluid. Emollient. An agent that smoothes and protects the skin when applied locally. Emphysema. A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs applied especially to such a condition of the lungs. Endometrium. The inner mucous membrane of the uterus, the thickness and structure of which vary with the phase of the menstrual cycle. 

According to Coura and Dias (2009), the transmission mechanisms for Chagas infection can be divided into two groups (i) the principal mechanisms, by means of vectors (triatomines), blood transfusion, oral transmission, contaminated food and placental, or birth canal transmission and (ii) secondary mechanisms, by means of laboratory accidents, management of infected animals, organ transplants, sexual transmission, wounds, contact with sperm or menstrual fluid contaminated with T. cruzi and, hypothetically, deliberate criminal inoculation or contamination of food with the parasite (Coura and Dias, 2009). 

Apana Vayuthe energy governing downward movement of feces, urine, semen, menstrual fluid, and birthing. Antiandrogenican inhibitor of androgen uptake or activity. 

Effects on the reproductive system. Suffice it to say that PGs cause release of luteinizing hormone, play a part in ovulation, can terminate pregnancy, and initiate parturition. E and F PGs are found in ovaries, fallopian tubes, placenta, menstrual fluid, amniotic fluid (during labor), and in seminal fluid. 

The cause of endometriosis is not completely understood. Sampson s hypothesis in 1927 suggests that menstrual fluids flow back (retrograde) through the... 

Prostaglandins are also present in human endometrium and menstrual fluid where, in contrast to the seminal fluid, much smaller amounts of the PGEs are found compared to the F series [26, 27]. PGEs and Fs have also been identified in the human amniotic fluid and the blood vessels of the umbilical cord [28-30]. 

The most common type of tampon in daily use is a usually disposable plug that is designed to be inserted into the vagina during menstmation to absorb the flow of blood. Its function is to absorb and retain menstrual fluid inside the body. Impor-tant/desired properties are no leakage, no odour, easy to insert, easy to remove, softness, comfortable to wear (dimensionally correct), hygiene, and discretion. 

Hofer G, Bieglmayer C, Kopp B, Janisch H. Measurement of eicosanoids in menstrual fluid by the combined use of high pressure chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Prostaglandins 1993 45 413-426. 

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