Use Lists

Add to the variety, clarity, and attractiveness of your document by occasionally using lists as an alternative to narrative in paragraph form. An example is the list used in the earlier Structure the Document to Reflect the Audience Profile section of this chapter. Chan and Lutovich (1994) use a list to offer the following suggestions about using lists  

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To develop a useful list, we recommend the following sub-steps. 

Polymer-supported esters are widely used in solid-phase peptide synthesis, and extensive information on this specialized protection is reported annually. Some activated esters that have been used as macrolide precursors and some that have been used in peptide synthesis are also described in this chapter the many activated esters that are used in peptide synthesis are discussed elsewhere. A useful list, with references, of many protected amino acids (e.g., -NH2, COOH, and side-chain-protected compounds) has been compiled/ Some general methods for the preparation of esters are provided at the beginning of this chapter conditions that are unique to a protective group are described with that group/ Some esters that have been used as protective groups are included in Reactivity Chart 6. 

Many of the uses listed in Table A are a matter of everyday observation. In nddition we may nole that the electrical conductivity of pure A1 is 63.5% of the omduedvity of an equal whune of pure Cu when the lower density of A1 is considered its conductiviQr is 2.1 times that of Cu on a wt for wt. basis. This, coupled with its corrosion resistance and ready workability makes it an ideal metal for power lines and. indeed, more than 90% of all overhead electrical transmission lines in the USA are A1 alloy. 

Appendix A provides a brief description of several existing hardware and software tools designed for CA research. Appendix B contains a useful list of CA and more general c omplcxity-related information sources availabk on the World Wide Web (WWW), subject-sorted into a total of 91 WWW Universal Resource Loc a-tor (URL) links in 16 categories. The book is indexed and includes an extensive bibliography. 

Nitric acid is the principal reagent (chemical reactant) used to introduce nitrogen into other chemicals for not only the uses listed but also for dye and pharmaceutical intermediates, agricultural chemicals, and many others. This process is called nitration. Under conditions other than those used for... 

In most solvent-containing consumer products the solvent is lost to the environment on use. List three consumer products that contain non-aqueous solvents and assess the likely longer-term environmental impacts of continued use of these products. Critically assess more benign alternatives. 

The blue book compilations [57-59] recommended for experts in the field are probably the most comprehensive sources of ionization constants collected from the literature. On the other hand, the red books contain critically selected values [60]. A useful list of 400 plQ values of pharmaceutically important molecules has been published [23]. AddihonaUy, a more recent compilahon of plQ values of about 250 dmg-like molecules may be found in Ref. [8]. 

The quality of acid required for these different uses will vary. Many electrolyser licensors will insist on the use of synthetic acid, at least for the first use listed. They are concerned about the contaminants that can be present in thermal-oxidiser by-product acid. Particular concerns are with iron and with organic materials however, these contaminants can be removed with adsorption and other techniques, rendering the acid suitable for all but the most critical applications. 

Using lists of chemicals is an inadequate approach for regulatory coverage of reactive hazards. Improving reactive hazard management requires that both regulators and industry address the hazards from combinations of chemicals and process-specific conditions rather than focus exclusively on the inherent properties of individual chemicals. (CSB 2002b)1... 

The Joint FAOAVHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) includes Functional Use in the specifications published in Food and Nutrition Paper 52 and its Addenda. JECFA includes an indication of the functional use or uses, as part of its specifications of purity of additives. JECFA has developed these as part of the description of the additive, and although JECFA provides advice on specifications to the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, the uses quoted in those specifications are not necessarily the same as the functions given for the same substance in the Codex INS system. Frequently more than one use is listed and these uses often refer to countries outside the EU, and may not include the reason for use listed by the EU. The various categories, uses or classes of additive used by the EU, INS and JECFA are listed in Table 11.2. With minor exceptions, the JECFA functional uses marked with an asterisk are generally regarded as processing aids and not additives and therefore outside the scope of this volume. 

Program 1. Requirements apply to processes for which a worst-case release, as evaluated in the hazard assessment, would not affect the public. These are sources or processes that have not had an accidental release that caused serious off-site consequences. Remotely located sources and processes using listed flammables are primarily those eligible for this program. Program 1 requirements are as follows ... 

Data for other substances can be obtained from the following critical compilations and online in the NIST Chemistry WebBook at http //www.webbook.nist.gov/ chemistry/ or from the NIST-TRC Databases available on disk. (Information can be found at http //www.nist.gov/srd/thermo.htm, or at http //srdata.nist.gov/ gateway/gateway keyword = thermodynamics.) An exhaustive list of earlier sources of tabulated thermochemical data can be found in Volume 1 of Chemical Thermodynamics, A Specialist Periodical Report [2]. A useful list of websites containing thermodynamic data is available at http //tigger.uic.edu/ mansoori/ Thermodynamic.Data. and.Property.html. 

In this example, a student used listing to generate ideas for his college application essay. 

Look in the Merck Index for the types of precursors you will be dealing with. Seven times out of ten there will be uses listed for these substances. Understand what these uses are for, and design your phony business accordingly. Chemical Abstracts sometimes list drug uses also. 

Dixon and Webb provided a useful list of various causes for the shape of the temperature effect seen in enzyme-catalyzed reactions (1) effect on enzyme stability (2) effect on the actual velocity of the reaction (especially on kcat) (3) effect on affinity(ies) of the substrate(s)... 

The first move of the Methods section provides a description of chemicals, materials, and/or samples. Beginning writers often wonder what to include in this section (level of detail) and how these details should be presented (level of formality), both issues related to audience. With respect to detail, it is customary to report the name, purity, and vendor for all essential chemicals and materials used in the work. (Incidental chemicals, e.g., solvents used to clean glassware, need not be reported.) Similarly, for samples, both how and where the samples were collected should be described. With respect to formality, the journal article requires complete sentences. A common mistake is to use lists although commonplace in... 

Fragments are incomplete sentences. When writing your Journal-quality paper, be sure to use complete sentences. Do not use lists or fragments. 

Excerpt 12X uses lists to delineate both the gap (the experimental challenge) and fill-the-gap statements (facing the challenge) excerpts 12Y-12AAuse narrative form. In each case, the depiction of the work following the fill-the-gap statement is brief, laying the groundwork for a more detailed description of the proposed work. 

Lists are commonly used in research proposals (not journal articles) to (1) identify project objectives and goals and (2) describe proposed methods. Lists are often used in posters to describe methods and procedures, summarize results, discuss findings, and offer concluding remarks. When used, lists need to be formatted in a parallel fashion. The following components of each list must be parallel ... 

The carbon of complexed CO, i. e., M-CO, can appear at either a lower or higher frequency than CO itself depending on the metal. A useful list of CO chemical shifts can be found in a study describing mechanistic aspects of the Rh- and Ir-cat-alyzed carbonylation of methanol [59]. Additional C NMR data on Rh-acyl intermediates, derived from the Rh-catalyzed carbonylation of ethene, e. g., 60, have been reported [60]. 

The following breakdown of paper uses lists most important general applications. 

Note a useful list of scientific equipment suppliers is available at ... 

It is estimated that bioremediation of sediments using LIST would cost 20% less than dredging and storage in a confined storage facility (D137640, p. 201). 

If you already have a topic in mind, you can use listing to generate supporting details and examples to include in your writing. 

Boston University Library. Research Guides Drug Abuse. Boston University Library. Available online. URL htqi //www.bu.edu/library/guides/ drugabuse.html. Updated December 9, 2003. Provides a useful list of subject headings, indexes, databases, statistics, and Internet resources on topics relating to drug abuse. 

TABLE 2-1 CALIFORNIA INOUSTRIES THAT USE LISTED METALS... 

Everyday activities also are governed to a large extent by rules of thumb. They serve us when we wish to take a course of action but are not in a position to find the best course of action. Of interest along this line is an amusing and often useful list of some 900 such digests of everyday experience that has been compiled by Parker (Rules of Thumb. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1983). 

A fairly simple pseudo-atomic method has been developed (286) for calculating the ligand field splittings in the linear molecules Me2Cd and Me2Zn. The paper also contains a useful list of references to previous work in this area. 

Contains useful lists of applications and available chiral columns with their suppliers. 

Here is the sequence that will be used, listed by what the substituents really are, and by how they will be entered. 

From the above equations, it is seen that the amplitude factor for a homonuclear diatomic molecule is (2m)-1, which for H2 in atomic mass units would be 0.5. For H20, the amplitude of vibration in the bending mode would be very nearly the same as that of a hypothetical H2 molecule with the same frequency. The amplitude factor is therefore again 0.5. Considering v3 in CH4, in which opposite pairs of H atoms are pinched together, the potential energy is shared between the two pairs. Considering Hooke s law, clearly the squared amplitude is lower by a factor of 2 compared to the hypothetical H2 of the same frequency, and therefore the amplitude factor of CH4(v3) is 0.25. (Note that for CH4, H20 and H2, the product of the amplitude factor and orientation factor is constant.) Stretton33 has compiled a useful list of amplitude factors for substituted methanes. 

Clinical uses listed for a specific agent reflect that agent s approved indication. Actual clinical use, however, may be limited because anticholinergics have often been replaced by agents that are more effective and better tolerated. Anticholinergic drugs used specifically to treat Parkinson disease are listed in Table 10-2, Chapter 10. 

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