Sediments using

The raw potassium manganate(VI) from the secondary roaster or the Hquid-phase oxidizer contains a fair amount of insoluble material such as unreacted MnO and ore gangue. In most continuous processes, these insolubles are removed by sedimentation using thickeners or filtration and are disposed of as waste. 

Belisle AA, Swineford DM. 1988. Simple, specific analysis of organophosphoms and carbamate pesticides in sediments using column extraction and gas chromatography. Environ Toxicol Chem 7 749-752. 

Charles MJ, Simmons MS. 1987. Recovery studies of volatile organics in sediments using purge/trap methods. Anal Chem 59 1217-1221. 

Field Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Soil and Sediment Using a Portable Gas Chromatograph... 

Gilmour CC, Riedel GS. 1995. Measurement of Hg methylation in sediments using high specific-activity 203Elg and ambient incubation. Water Air Soil Pollut 80 747-756. 

The total content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb was determined in contaminated soils and sediments using the slurry technique and Zeeman GF-AAS, either by calibration with aqueous solutions of the analytes or slurries of some suitable CRMs. Except for Cr, where only the calibration with a solid CRM was successful, good agreement was found between both calibration approaches (Klemm and Baumbach 1995)-... 

Kirtland, B.C. and Aelion, C.M., Petroleum mass removal from low permeability sediment using air sparging/soil vapor extraction impact of continuous or pulsed operation, J. Contam. Hydrol., 41, 367-383, 2000. 

Preliminary laboratory data demonstrate the feasibility of removing Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, TCE, BTEX compounds, and phenol from soils (clays and sandy clayey deposits, and dredged sediments) using EO technology. It has been demonstrated that 75 to 95% of Pb can be removed across the cell, in which a significant amount of the removed Pb can be electroplated at the cathode. 

Key et al. [27] have described improved methods for the measurement of radon and radium in seawater and marine sediments using manganese dioxide impregnated fibres. The basic method that these workers used was that of Broecker [28]. Seawater samples were taken in 30 litre Niskin bottles. 

Toxicity in estuarine sediments—use of Mutatox and Microtox to evalu- 173 ate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of organic sediments Toxicity tests for the analysis of pore water sediment a comparison of 4 174... 

Dawson, D.A., E.F. Stebber, S.L. Burks, and J.A. Bantle. 1988. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments using short-term fathead minnow and frog embryo-larval assays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1 27-34. 

Dunnivant, F.M. and A.W. Elzerman. 1988. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments, using sonication extraction and capillary column gas chromatography-electron capture detection with internal standard calibration. Jour. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 71 551-556. 

Environment Canada (1997) Test for survival and growth in sediment using larvae of the freshwater midges (Chironomus tentans or Chironomus riparius). Report No. EPS/l/RM/32, Environment Canada, Ottawa... 

Hawthorne SB, Grabanski CB, Hageman KJ, Miller DJ. Simple method for estimating polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations on soils and sediments using subcriti-cal water extraction coupled with solid-phase microextraction. J. Chromatogr. A 1998 814 151-160. 

Bianchi AP, Vamoy MS, Phillips J. 1991. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in estruarine sediments using dynamic headspace and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 542 413-450. 

Tiyapongpattana, W., Pongsakul, P., Shiowatana, J., and Nacapricha, D. (2004). Sequential extraction of phosphorus in soil and sediment using a continuous-flow system. Talanta 62 765-771. 

Robbat et al. [42] carried out on-site detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hexane extract of sediments using thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 

Saber et al. [75] reported on the quantitative determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of lacustrine sediments using high resolution Shpol skii Spectrofluorimetry at 10°K. 

Thuren [1] determined phthalates in sediment using solvent extraction (acetonitrile, petroleum ether), clean-up with deactivated Florisil, and quantitative analysis by gas chromatography. The detector response was linear between 0.5 and lOOng. The detection limit (signahnoise ratio 2 1) was O.lng for dimethylphthalate, dibutylphthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 0.05ng for benzoylbutylphthalate. Recovery was between 30% and 130% depending on the ester. Low recovery for dimethylphthalate (30%) was probably due to pyrolysis in the detector (detector temperature was 320°C). 

Charles and Simmons [18] obtained overall recoveries of 38%, 48% and 54% respectively, for chloroform, trichloroethylene and chlorobenzene from sediments using purge and trap methods. 

The procedure described by Suzuki et al. [11, 12], discussed in section 9.1.1.1 for the determination of chlorinated insecticides in soils has also been applied to hexane extracts of river sediments using high-resolution gas chromatography with glass capillary columns. Minimum detectable levels of a-BHC, fs-BHC, -BHC, P-BHC, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, p,p -DDE, p,p -TDE and p,p -DDT in lOOg samples of bottom sediment were 0.0005, 0.0032, 0.0014, 0.0040, 0.0012, 0.0020, 0.0014, 0.0020, 0.0056, 0.0032, 0.0080 and 0.0120mg kgr1 respectively. 

Mills and Thurmen [105] used a mixed method for the isolation of triazine herbicide metabolites from aquifer sediments using automated solid phases extraction with a mixture of methanol and water (4 1 V/V). Following evaporation of the methanol phases, the metabolites were collected in a column of Cl8 octadecyl resin. The analytes were then stripped from the column with ethyl acetate leaving impurities on the column. Down to O.lpg kg-1 triazine could be determined. 

A rapid method for determination of total phosphorus in water samples by digestion with persulphate was introduced by Koroleff [83], but this method has not been widely used for sediment samples. Preliminary measurements of phosphorus in lake sediments using the persulphate digestion method gave considerably lower values than the perchloric acid method [84],... 

Davison and Lishman [105] described a method in which sulphide is released from the sediment using 5.93mol L 1 hydrochloric acid, and the resulting solution is separated from the sediment by filtration in a sealed system of syringes. The concentrated sulphide is determined spectrophotometrically at 670nm as ethylene blue. The limit of detection is 2mg kg-1 expressed as mass of sulphide in dry mass of sediment. The relative standard deviation was 5% for a sediment containing 118mg kg 1 sulphide. 

Siu et al. [131] derivitized and determined arsenic in marine sediments using electron capture gas chromatography. 

Wanatabe et al. [57] have described a method for the separation and determination of siloxanes in sediment, using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The organosilicon extract with petroleum ether is evaporated to dryness. The damp residue is dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone, aspirated into the plasma. The detection limit is O.Olmg kg-1. Recoveries are about 50% with a coefficient of variation of about 11%. 

Hall, R., Blake, S. B., and Champlin, S. C., Jr., 1984, Determination of Hydrocarbon Thickness in Sediments Using Borehole Data In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers, Fourth National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and Groundwater Monitoring, p. 300-304. 

Onuska FI, Terry KA. 1993. Extraction of pesticides from the sediments using a microwave technique. Chromatographia 36 191-194. 

Ryan, J. N., and P. M. Gschwend (1991), "Extraction of Iron Oxides from Sediments Using Reductive Dissolution by Titanium(III)," Clays and Clay Minerals, in press. 

Verado, D.J., P.N. Froelich, and A. McIntyre. 1990. Determination of organic carbon and nitrogen in marine sediments using the Carlo Erba NA-1500 Analyzer. Deep-Sea Research 37 157-165. 

Cleveland, L. Little, E.E. Petty, J.D. Johnson, B.T. Lebo, J.A. Orazio, C.E. Dionne. J. Crockett, A. 1997, Toxicological and chemical screening of Antarctica sediments Use of whole sediment toxicity tests, Microtox, Mutatox, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Mar. Pollut. Bull 34 194-202. 

Gale, R.W. Long, E.R. Schwartz, T.R. Tillitt, D.E. 2000, Evaluation of planar halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments using ethoxyresomfin-o-deethylase induction of H4IIE cells. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19 1348-1359. 

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