Use in insecticides

Basic copper ethanoate arsenates(iii) prepared from verdigris (or other basic copper salt), sodium arsenate(m) and ethanoic acid. Used in insecticides for spraying fruit trees. Readily decomposed to soluble arsenic compounds so use is very restricted. 

Amongst synthetic quinoxalines, numerous types of biological activity have been reported. 5,6,7,8-Tetrachloroquinoxaline (132) and related halogenated derivatives have found use in fungicidal formulations. Phosphoric esters of 6-hydroxyquinoxaline (133) have found use in insecticidal preparations, and phosphoric ester derivatives of 2-hydroxyquinoxalines, such as (134), function as anthelmintics. 

The stable form of arsenic is the gray or metallic form, although other forms are known. Cooling the vapor rapidly produces yellow arsenic, and an orthorhombic form is obtained if the vapor is condensed in the presence of mercury. Arsenic compounds are used in insecticides, herbicides, medicines, and pigments, and arsenic is used in alloys with copper and lead. A small amount of arsenic increases the surface tension of lead, which allows droplets of molten lead to assume a spherical shape, and this fact is utilized in the production of lead shot. 

Kojic acid org chem C5H6O4 A crystalline antibiotic with a melting point of 152-154°C soluble in water, acetone, and alcohol used in insecticides and as an antifungal and antimicrobial agent. ko- ik, as-3d ... 

Many lead compounds are poisonous thus, their uses in insecticides and house paints have been hmited as other less toxic substances have been substituted. For example, lead arsenate [Pbj(AsOJ, which is very poisonous, has been replaced in insecticides by less harmful substances. 

Arsenic occurs naturally and is also used in insecticides. It is found in tobacco, shellfish, drinking water, and in the air in some locations. The standard allows for 0.05 mg of arsenic per liter of water. If persons drink water that continuously exceeds the standard by a substantial amount over a lifetime, they may suffer from fatigue and loss of energy. Extremely high levels can cause poisoning. 

Thalhum and its compounds have limited apphcations. It is used in insecticides and rodenticides. Thalhum-mercury alloys are used for switches and closures for use at sub-zero temperatures. Another application is in making low melting glasses for electronic encapsulation. Thallium sulfide is used in photocells. 

Nicotine itself is the only common cause of this type of poisoning. (Varenicline toxicity is discussed elsewhere in this chapter.) The acute toxicity of the alkaloid is well defined but much less important than the chronic effects associated with smoking. In addition to tobacco products, nicotine is also used in insecticides. 

Zinc phenolsulfonate has been used in insecticide formulations and in veterinary practice for the treatment of ulcers. Zinc phosphate has been used in dental cement formulations and the phosphide in rat and field mice poisons. The propionate has been used as a fungicide on adhesive tape to reduce plaster irritation caused by moulds, fungi and bacteria the silicate has been used in television screens. 

The principal use of the plant is lor the oil contained in the seeds, This oil is pressed out without healing the seeds. The particular properties make this oil valuable for specialized uses, such as low temperature lubrication. It is an important constituent of hydraulic brake fluid and other fluids where the degree of compressibility is important- Castor oil also finds medical uses, as an ingredient of special soaps, and in the preparation of some lexiile dyes. Ricin, an alkaloid present in castor oil. also has been used in insecticides. Prior lo the preparation of refined castor oil for medical purposes, ricin must be removed. 

Burchfield, H.P., Redder, A.M., Storrs, E.E., and Hilchey, J.D., Improved methods for rearing larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) for use in insecticide bioassay, Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst., 17, 317,1953. 

Brindley, W.A., Al-Rajhi, D.H., and Rose, R.L., Portable incubator and its use in insecticide bioassays with field populations of lygus bugs, aphids, and other insects, /. Econ. Entomoi, 75, 758,1982. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. An experimental teratogen. Mutation data reported. Used in insecticides. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of SOx, POx, Br", and Cl". 

Because of its strongly irritant properties, it has been used in insecticidal preparations " Zyklon A, which is a mixture of 90% of methyl cyanoformate and 10% of methyl chloroformate, and Zyklon B, a mixture of liquid hydrocyanic acid and irritant chlorinated and brominated compounds. ... 

For example, xylene is considered to be an inert ingredient in some formulations, when used as a solvent. Xylene is not harmless exposure can result in severe health effects ranging from skin irritation to reproductive and nervous system toxicity. Another example is piperonyl butoxide, used in insecticidal formulations. Piperonyl butoxide has clear biological activity it acts to inhibit metabolic enzymes. It does not, however, directly kill or immobilize insect pests. Piperonyl butoxide potentiates the active ingredient in insecticidal formulations by blocking detoxification pathways in the insect. 

Lead and its compounds are widely used throughout industry. They are found in lead acid storage batteries, paints, sheet metal, bearings, solder, piping, and ammunition. Lead arsenate is used in insecticides and herbicides. Lead chromate is used as a yellow pigment in paints, rubber, plastics, and ceramic coatings. House paints must have less than 0.05% lead. 

The production of mono-, di-, and trimethylamines has a number of applications in the chemical industry. Monomethylamine is used in insecticides and surfactants, dimethylamine is used in rubber chemicals, and trimethylamine is used for choline chloride and biocides. Dimethylamine is produced to the greatest extent, followed by mono- and trimethylamine. The methylamines are produced by reaction of methanol and ammonia in the vapor phase over a dehydration catalyst at a temperature of 450°C and from atmospheric to approximately 20.4 atm pressure [30]. The methylamine synthesis reactions are ... 

OTHER COMMENTS use as an oil and fat solvent solvent in plastics, resins, and metals industries used in dry cleaning fluids and degreasing intermediate for perchloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride used in insecticidal fumigant mixtures. 

It s a toxic material that can cause serious poisoning if ingested and has been used in insecticides and rodenticides. 

Rodannitrobenzene has been used in insecticide sprays for home use. Fregert has reported a case of severe contact dermatitis due to rodannitrobenzene [71]. 

Methyl isobutyl ketone is a solvent used in insecticides, fungicides, electroplating solutions, leather finishing, and textile coatings. Faster condensation reaction rates are claimed in the polymerization of poly(ethylenetere-phthalate) when MIBK is added as a catalyst solvent. Cyclohexanone is used in paint removers, metal degreasing formulations, printing inks, and as an activator in oxidation reactions (e.g., benzene oxidation to give phenol). Cyclohexanone is a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of Nylon 6. 

Isol. from Pongamia glabra and Tephrosia spp. Used in insecticides and pesticides. Yellow rhombic prisms (EtOH/AcOH). Mp 135-136°. Exists in the enolised form. 

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