Subcutaneous route

Barium peroxide is a strong oxidizer and can cause fire when in contact with combustible materials. It is a powerful irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes (2). Consequendy, it is also toxic via the subcutaneous route protective clothing should be worn during handling. The LD q value (mouse, oral) is 50 mg/kg (2). 

Cobalamin should be adininistered parenteraHy by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. Isolated cases of anaphylaxis have been reported with intravenous administration. 

Intravenous administration of a drug produces the most rapid drug action. Next in order of time of action is the intramuscular route, followed by the subcutaneous route Giving a drug orally usually produces the slowest drug action. 

According to National Kidney Foundation guidelines for the use epoetin in patients with anemia owing to kidney disease, the subcutaneous route is preferred. However, the intravenous route is used commonly in clinical practice. 

Subcutaneous Route. Drugs given by the SC route are forced into spaces between connective tissues, as with IM injections. Vasoconstrictors and drugs that cause local... 

Table 5.10. HOT-PLATE ACTIVITIES IN MICE OF SOME METHADOLS AND NOR-METHADOLS BY SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE (261, 262]...

The other main route used for pharmaceutical preparations is inhalation using a head only exposure system. Parenteral administration, although technically possible, is usually avoided because of the local irritant effects that can occur with repeated injection, particularly by the subcutaneous route. Topical administration is an option for materials intended for administration to the skin. 

Absorption - Darbepoetin has an approximately 3-fold longer terminal half-life than epoetin alfa when administered by either the IV or subcutaneous route. Following IV administration, darbepoetin has a distribution half-life of approximately 1.4 hours and mean terminal half-life of approximately 21 hours. 

IV administration - Administer by IV infusion only, slowly over a period of 60 minutes or more (750 mg over 90 minutes). Avoid rapid or bolus IV infusion. Do not administer by IM, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes. Single-use vials require dilution prior to administration. 

IV For IV infusion only. Must not be administered by IM or subcutaneous route. Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia has occurred, primarily with high dose intermittent therapy, but has also been noted after resumption of interrupted treatment. Cerebral hemorrhage and fatalities have occurred when rifampin administration has continued or resumed after appearance of purpura. 

Barium oxide is toxic by subcutaneous route. Because of its affinity for moisture, the compound is corrosive to skin. Contact with water or CO2 evolves much heat. Therefore, any use of CO2 to extinguish a BaO fire may cause further incandescence. Accumulation of barium oxide or peroxide dust... 

Barium peroxide may ignite or explode in contact with reducible substances. Also, it is toxic by the subcutaneous route. 

The compound is highly toxic hy oral and subcutaneous routes. Ingestion can cause convulsion, paralysis, and respiratory failure. 

Slightly to moderately toxic by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. The oral LDso in rats is around 3,000 mg/kg. 

A highly poisonous substance by ingestion, intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes and low-to-moderate toxicity by dermal route. An oral LD50 in rats is about 40 mg/kg. 

Moderately toxic by ingestion, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. LD50 (intraperitioneal) (rat) 400mg/kg... 

Advantages of the intramuscular and subcutaneous routes include an increased reliability and precision in the drug blood level Anally achieved and reasonably rapid absorption and onset of drug action. There are, however, serious disadvantages as well. Pain, tenderness, local tissue necrosis (primarily with highly alkaline injections), microbial contamination, and nerve damage may be associated with these forms of parenteral administration. 

Bethanechol is used to treat postsurgical bladder dysfunction associated with the retention of urine. It is most commonly given orally for this purpose, although the subcutaneous route is also used. Effects are more rapid and intense after subcutaneous administration, but the duration of action is shorter. 

Oral anticoagulant overdose PO, IV, Subcutaneous 2.5-10 mg/dose. May repeat in 12 8 hr if given orally and in 6-8 hr if given by IV or subcutaneous route. 

The other related subcutaneous routes are dermojet (by which, drug is projected from a microfine orifice using a high velocity jet) and pellet implantation (which provides sustained release of the drug over weeks and months e.g. testosterone). 

Parenteral administration This route is applicable for drugs which are inactivated by gastrointestinal tract or absorption is poor when given orally or there is a urgency for fast response in small dose. Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes are commonly used. The intravenous injection (in aqueous solution) is introduced directly into the vein by which a rapid response is produced. The subcutaneous injection are given through the layer of skin, while intramuscular injection, introduced through the skin layer deep into the muscle. The nature of intramuscular injection may be in aqueous or oily solution/suspension form. The aqueous solution will be rapidly absorbed as compared to oily solution or suspension. So, the rate of absorption is dependent on the nature of the preparation. 

Morphine orally is less effective and absorption is very slow. It has variable and high first pass metabolism when given by subcutaneous route, its analgesic effect starts within 10 minutes which persists for 4 to 5 hours and by IV route, it produces immediate action. In plasma, it binds to plasma proteins (approx. 30%). In liver it is metabolized by conjugation to glucuronic acid to form active and inactive products, which are excreted in urine. It is also excreted though bile and in the faeces. 

Apomorphine Nonergot subcutaneous route useful for rescue treatment in levodopa-induced dyskinesia high incidence of nausea and vomiting... 

Corticosteroids are sometimes used in the treatment of severe symptomatic gout, by intra-articular, systemic, or subcutaneous routes, depending on the degree of pain and inflammation. The most commonly used oral corticosteroid is prednisone. The recommended dose is 30-50 mg/d for 1-2 days, tapered over 7-10 days. Intra-articular injection of 10 mg (small joints), 30 mg (wrist, ankle, elbow), and 40 mg (knee) of triamcinolone acetonide can be given if the patient is unable to take oral medications. 

Intramuscular and subcutaneous routes deliver the drug promptly, if water-based solutions are used, or slowly, if other types of solutions are used. They are better for larger volumes of material although local irritation can result. 

Note that snakes, spiders, and insects bite or in some other way puncture their victims and so employ an intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous route. 

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is indicated for use via the oral and intramuscular or subcutaneous routes in the treatment of a variety of enteric, respiratory, and other infections of cattle, sheep, swine and poultry. Recommended dosages are 7.5-12.5 mg/kg bw for intramuscular injections and 1-5 mg/bird for subcutaneous injections in poultry. Spectinomycin is frequently combined with lincomycin and administered either intramuscularly at 15 mg/kg bw to calves, sheep, and swine (15), and at... 

In most species, chloramphenicol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This route of administration provides antibiotic levels in blood comparable witli or higher than die intramuscular or the subcutaneous routes. The only known exception is in ruminants in which the drug is destroyed by the rumen microflora. 

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