Insecticides sprays

State and Municipal Health Department Requirements for Use of Common Residual Insecticide Sprays... 

The purpose of this work was to determine the toxicity to mosquito larvae of insecticide spray residues. That certain insecticides are translocated in plants (4, 5) adds impetus to this study. Fresh orchard fruit sprayed or dusted with preparations containing parathion (0,0-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate), tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP, HEPP), DDD [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethane], DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane], chlorinated camphene, and basic lead arsenate were shipped from California to Yonkers, N. Y., by air express for bioassay. 

McEwen, L.C., C.E. Knittle, and M.L. Richmond. 1972. Wildlife effects from grasshopper insecticides sprayed on short-grass range. Jour. Range Manage. 25 188-195. 

In former times, eradication took the form of destroying the flies savanna or woodland habitats, or slaughtering wild host animals. These indirect approaches were environmentally ruinous, and they gave way eventually to insecticides, sprayed either from the air or directly on the ground. In more recent years, attention has... 

The oriental fruit fly and the banana aphid vector of bunchy-top have so far been found only in the Pacific, the former as far east as Hawaii and the latter in Australia. Control measures for the fruit fly are insecticidal sprays and biological control. Bunchy-top is being held under control with insecticide spray of banana aphids and roguing of diseased plants. 

Uses Plasticizer plastic manufacturing and processing denaturant for ethyl alcohol ingredient in insecticidal sprays and explosives (propellant) dye application agent wetting agent perfumery as fixative and solvent solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate camphor substitute. 

Particle size of insecticidal sprays has a bearing on the ability of airborne sprays to be transported and deposited, on foliage injury, and on the efficiency of residues in killing insects. Each problem should be carefully analyzed for the particle-size requirements. 

YEOMANS—INFLUENCE OF PARTICLE SIZE ON APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDE SPRAYS... 

Many insects lay their eggs on the crop towards the top of the plant and the egg hatches with the neonate larva eating its way out of the shell. In many cases the larva then penetrates the crop and will not come into contact with the insecticides sprayed onto the surface of the crop. If, however, it has to walk over a treated area then it will pick up a dose of the compound and, if it is contact active, it will succumb. In addition, if a compound is stomach active the insect must feed to acquire a toxic dose and in feeding it will damage the crop. This is very important for high value fruit and vegetable crops. 

Musculoskeletal Effects. Mild pathologic changes in the intercostal muscle tissue, including muscle fibers with subsarcolemmal grouped granular basophilic inclusions and scattered areas of necrosis were reported in the autopsy of a 51-year-old man who died from high acute-duration exposure, via inhalation, to a commercial insecticide spray containing diazinon and malathion. Neuromuscular acetylcholinesterase activity was one-half that of muscle from unexposed persons (Wecker et al. 1985). 

Ingestion of 60 mg of nicotine can be fatal to an adult. This is an amount that might be ingested with exposure to some insecticide sprays. A smaller amount is toxic to children and pets who accidentally ingest tobacco products. Tobacco pickers and patients on nicotine replacement therapy who continue to smoke have also experienced nicotine toxicity. Symptoms include salivation, dizziness, vomiting, tremors, convulsions, and severely low blood pressure. Death may result in a few minutes due to respiratory failure caused by lung paralysis. 

Viswanathan, D.K., 1941. Experimental malaria control in a hyper-endemic tea garden in upper Assam by the use of pyrocide 20 as an insecticidal spray. J. Mai. Inst. India 4, 181. 

The use of insecticide-sprayed trap trees is very labour intensive. For this reason we developed traps for the bark beetles. During the summer of 1978 we tested and evaluated more than 15 different cylindrical traps. The best trap is a black, rigid, drainpipe of polyethylene (12,5 x 135 cm). The pipe has 900 holes (diam. 3,5 mm) a lid covers its top while its bottom has a funnel and a collection bottle. 

Hurtig, H.J. Fettes, J.J. Randall, A.P. Hopewell, W.W., "Field and Laboratory Investigations of the Effectiveness of Insecticidal Sprays Applied from Aircraft in Controlling Larvae of Spruce Budworm (Chroistoneura fumiferana (Clem))", Rep. No. 176, Suffield Exper. Sta., Alberta, Canada, 1953 ... 

Akesson, N. and Cowden, R. Metallic Salts as Tracers for Spray Deposit Applications. In USDA Tech. Bull. 1596. Methods for Sampling and Assessing Deposits of Insecticidal Sprays Released over Forests. USDA, Washington, DC., 1978 pp. 107-112. 

Barry, J. W. in "Method for Sampling and Assessing Deposits of Insecticidal Sprays Released Over Forests" U. S. Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin No. 1596, 1978, p. 8. 

Grim, B. S. J. W. Barry "A canopy penetration model for aerially disseminated Insecticide spray released above coniferous forests." Final Report MEDC Project No. 2425, USDA Forest Service Equipment Development Center, Missoula, MT, 1975. 

Colorings and dyes, preservatives (including insecticide sprays on fruits), emulsifying and stabilizing agents, antioxidants, synthetic and natural flavoring agents,... 

Lack of consideration of the dermal pathway in the assessment of exposure to insecticide sprays... 

Anticholinesterases such as malathion are used in commercial insecticide sprays. Unprotected operators may absorb malathion via the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the mouth. Effects include intestinal cramps and diarrhoea following stimulation of intestinal motility and secretion. Stimulation of lacrimal and salivary glands causes the eyes to water profusely (lacrimation) and saliva to drool. Bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, dyspnoea and increased sweating also occur. Skeletal muscle twitching (fasciculation) is due to the prolonged action of released acetylcholine at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. 

In xylene mixtures (15-20%) paint industry insecticide sprays petrol blends production in the styrene and acetophenone, solvent constituent of asphalt and naphtha 3511,3512,3521 354,38... 

Distribution of Insecticides Sprayed by Airplane on an Irrigated Corn Plot... 

To eliminate errors caused by insecticide spray falling into the collection ditch and onto the flow measuring and sampling equipment, sheets of plastic film were used to cover the installations during insecticide application. 

In a farm-level survey of 360 farms in the Southeast U.S. in 1996, the impact of Bt cotton adoption on number of insecticide sprays was studied. The direction in itdiich the number of insecticide sprays changed depended on the selection and backgroimd-correction of data employed for calculation. A decrease and an increase in the number of insecticide sprays were found if the comparisons of Bt cotton versus conventional cotton were within-farm (both Bt and conventional cotton on the same farm) and between all acres (also on different farms), respectively [4]. 

A consistent difference of -78% for pesticide use and environmental impacts between non transgenic- and transgenic, insect resistant- cotton is observed. This consistency relates to the fact that the same insecticides were assumed to have been applied to both non transgenic and transgenic cotton, the impact being caused by different numbers of insecticide sprays that had been applied to these crops. The consistent difference of -100% observed for the impacts of insect resistant maize relates to the feet that Gianessi et al. [7] assumed that this transgenic maize would provide 100% control of European com borer. 

It may come to mind that the introduction of crops that impact pesticide use will inevitably lead to shifts in pesticide residue patterns in foods derived from these crops. In insect-resistant crops, for example, reductions in insecticide sprays against the target insects can be anticipated and concomitant reductions in crop residues. For herbicide toler-... 

Cotton is one of the crops most heavily reliant upon insecticide use. Although Bt cotton has been introduced in some areas, insecticide sprays remain as important components of cotton pest management programs. In some areas of the cotton belt, the majority of applications are made by aircraft. Issues which have been of regulatory concern in recent years include pest resistance associated with the frequent sprays, beneficial insect effects, worker exposure, and spray drift impacts on surfrice water quality. Products currently in use include organophosphates such as azinphos-methyl, methyl parathion, acephate, and disulfoton, pyrethroids such as lambda-cyhalodirin and carbamates such as methomyl. 

Cyr (1988) reported on 345 children exposed to a farmer s insecticide spraying. Sixty-seven children were transported to the local emergency department, with local decontamination treatment administered. No children were hospitalized or suffered ill effects. 

In their commonest form, oil solutions are the ready-to-use household and garden insecticide sprays sold in a variety of bottles, cans, and plastic containers, all usually equipped with a handy spray atomizer. Not to be confused with aerosols, these sprays are intended to be used directly on pests or places they frequent. 

The regular flat fan nozzle tip makes a narrow oval pattern with tapered ends. It is used for broadcast herbicide and insecticide spraying at 15 to 60 psi. The pattern is designed to be used on a boom and to be overlapped 30 to 50 percent for even distribution. Spacing on the boom, spray angle, and boom height determine proper overlap and should be carefully controlled. Tips are available in brass, plastic, stainless steel, and hardened stainless steel. 

Denatonium benzoate is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonmutagenic substance. However, there has been a single report of contact urticaria attributed to denatonium benzoate occurring in a 30-year-old man who developed asthma and pruritus after using an insecticidal spray denatured with denatonium benzoate. ... 

How to Attract Plant pollen and nectar plants provide a water source in dry weather avoid spraying fruit trees when flowers are in bloom if you must apply insecticides, spray in evenings after bees return to hive. 

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