Social context

Historical knowledge can help teachers to embed chemical topics in their curricular and social context, and... 

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

Flehmen in all species so far studied is stereotyped in execution, although as noted, not all typical patterns are part of each species repertoire. Its function(s) may well vary with species requirements, as with the modifications in certain antelopes discussed above (Hart et al., 1988). F. is not always dimorphic and can be influenced by social context the licking/lapping sequence aids discriminations among female as well as male lemurs [Fig. 7.9(a)]. The contribution of F. to fertility is bound up with the role of the AOS in reproductive patterns. Not all species with a full complement of accessory olfactory structures have been scrutinised for F., nevertheless it is rarely absent, even if modified, in species with VNO/AOB presence. Its presence has not been reported in species without a functional AOS, as required by Knappe s hypothesis (Knappe, 1964). 

The issues that, according to these authors, should be included in research conducted in order to reach an understanding of the holistic nature of culture-bound syndromes are as follows identifying the nature of the phenomenon, situating the syndrome within the social context, the relation between the syndrome and the psychiatric disorders included in current classifications, and the social and psychiatric history of the syndrome. By following these steps it will be possible to correctly identify the phenomenology and subtypes of the syndrome, the social characteristics of the people who suffer from it and the risk factors, as well as to study the relation with other psychiatric disorders and even other syndromes that are specific to other cultures. 

The domains of this multiaxial formulation should be assessed with sensitivity to the patient s culture. That is to say, identification and rating of the importance of significant problems in health, functioning and social context should be performed bearing in mind the relevant cultural norms and customs. 

Paynter, S. and M. S. Tite (2001), The evolution of glazing technologies in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, in Shortland, A. J. (ed.), The Social Context of Technological Change - Egypt and the Near East 1650-1550 BC, Oxbow, Oxford, UK. 

Gigerenzer G (1996) Rationality why social context matters. In Bates P, Staudinger UM (eds) Interactive minds life-span perspectives on the social foundation of cognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA... 

The psychological laboratory, the usual testing ground for isolated effects, may not allow us to fully or adequately investigate the influences of pheromones. It will certainly not allow us to carry out the recommendation made implicit by Jacob et al. (2002, p. 282) If it does not function under normal, nonexperimen-tal social conditions, then it is not a pheromone . With this in mind, we set out to test the effects of androstadienone within as normal a social context as we could. 

The main aim of this paper was to document in which social contexts human body odour individuality may be functionally important. There is clear evidence that humans can recognize other people and discriminate or identify their body odour. Contrary to traditional thinking, smell therefore has the potential to be an integral... 

Robert F. Bud and Gerrylynn K. Roberts, Science vs. Practice Chemistry in Victorian Britain (Manchester Manchester University Press, 1984) 48. Also Gerrylynn K. Roberts, "The Establishment of the Royal College of Chemistry An Investigation of the Social Context of Early-Victorian Chemistry,"... 

Provine, R.R. Fischer, K.R. (1989). Laughing, smiling and talking relation to sleeping and social contexts in humans. Ethology 83 295-305. 

In a social context like the United States, however, a politics of justice based upon literal sameness is highly problematic. The ideological move entailed by this revision of Jewishness is fraught with implications for other racially defined groups. The broadest, most sweeping stakes of... 

Not only the sensitivity of the human olfactory system to androstenol (5a-androst-16-en-3a-ol) and androstenone (5a-androst-16-en-3-one),but also the difference in the sensitivity with which individuals can detect these compounds and the fact that they are implicated in the semiochemical communication of the pig, Sus scrofa [166,167], have led to them being considered human pheromones. Final confirmation that they are human pheromones is still outstanding. However, it was recently found that passive inhalation of another related steroid, androsta-4,16-dien-3-one, can influence the physiological state of humans by increasing a positive mood in test persons [168]. It has yet to be determined whether humans exude concentrations of this chemical information that are adequate for communication within social contexts. 

Another effect of LSD is an altered sense of self. Many experience a derealization or a "spectator ego," where one feels like a passive observer of one s own experiences. Many also experience a lessened sense of interpersonal boundaries. In a positive social context, this can result in a sense of union with others. However, if it becomes frightening it can result in anxiety and fears of depersonalization. 

So, with this larger social context in mind, we return to the technical discussion, and move from exposure to what is a principal determinant of risk the dose. 

Cantoni, D. and Rivier, L. (1992). Analysis of the secretions from the flank glands of three shrew species and their possible function in a social context. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 6, ed. R. L. Doty and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 99-106. New York Plenum. 

See A. Horwitz and T. Scheid, eds., A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems (Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press, 1999). 

The reason for the referral, as well as the person(s) referring the child, determines the social context of the identified problem. Pre-interview screening can help provide preliminary background information in a time-efficient manner and define the context for the referral. Figure 31.1 contains highlights from a developmental history questionnaire that can be used as a template or be adapted and modified to individual practice settings and needs. This type of questionnaire should be sent... 

Psychopharmacotherapy is the combined use of psychoactive medication and psychotherapy. Brent and Kolko (1998) define the latter as a treatment modality in which therapist and patient collaborate to ease functional psychopathological impairment through attention to (1) the therapeutic relationship, (2) the patient s behavior, thoughts, attitudes and affect (the working diagnosis), and (3) the social context and development (this is especially salient in the work of the child and adolescent psychiatrist). 

The assessment of pediatric PTSD must be bound in a developmental framework that is sensitive to the child s social context and the type of trauma. At present there is no generally agreed upon gold standard instrument for the assessment of childhood PTSD. Several of the most commonly used instruments will be discussed as they relate to screening, formal diagnosis, and symptom monitoring in response to medication treatment. The interested reader is referred to a more comprehensive exposition on PTSD assessment in youth (i.e., March, 1999). 

Incarcerated individuals have a two to four fold greater prevalence of epilepsy, however, a relationship between criminal acts and seizure activity is seldom demonstrated (Marsh and Krauss, 2000). Aggression in seizure-disordered patients is often directed in nature, occurring during the interictal period, in response to a social context, likely related to general brain dysfunction rather than to seizure activity. Therefore, consideration of the social context in which the behavior occurs and of the sociological and biological risk factors is important. 

As in the treatment of all chronic drug abuse problems, heavy reliance is placed on psychosocial approaches to alcohol addiction. This is perhaps even more important for the alcoholic patient because of the ubiquitous presence of alcohol in many social contexts. 

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