Rangifer ‘tarandus

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennica] northwestern Russia 1986-90 ... 

CARIBOU, Rangifer tarandus Ratio of silver concentration (mg/kg FW) in tissues to silver concentration (mg/kg FW) in lichen diet ... 

In Alaska, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) infested with reindeer warble fly (Oedemagena tarandi) produced hides of little value and low quality meat. Reindeer warble flies were not controlled by pour-on applications of famphur because the product was unable to penetrate the hair coat of reindeer however, intramuscular injections were effective (Ivey et al. 1976). In Norway, Sweden, and Finland, famphur was the most promising control agent against reindeer warble fly and reindeer nostril fly (Cephenomyis trompe) — two parasites that together caused a 15 to 20% annual loss of total yield in reindeer husbandry (Nieminen et al. 1980). 

Famphur is administered to livestock by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, through the diet, as a dermal pour-on, or as an oral bolus. In mammals, famphur induced mortality at concentrations as low as 11.6 mg/kg BW in intraperitoneal injection (mouse), 27 mg/kg BW in a single oral exposure (mouse), >33.3 mg/kg BW in an intramuscular injection (Brahman cattle, Bos indicus), and 400 mg/kg BW in a dermal application (rat, Rattus sp.). Latent effects of famphur exposure were reported in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hinds 1 year posttreatment (altered blood chemistry). Famphur is rapidly metabolized by mammals. The half-time persistence of famphur and famoxon in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application is 0.9 days and is independent of dose between 25 and 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 2.3 mg/kg BW. 

Nieminen, M., J. Timisjarvi, and M. Laitinen. 1980. The effects of antiparasitic treatment on the condition of semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Stat. (Finland) 16 23-26. 

Caribou in northern Quebec contained up to 1129 Bq 137Cs/kg muscle FW in 1986/87, but only 10 to 15% of this amount originated from Chernobyl the remainder is attributed to fallout from earlier atmospheric nuclear tests (Crete et al. 1990). The maximum concentration of 137Cs in meat of caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) from the Alaskan Porcupine herd after the Chernobyl accident did not exceed 232 Bq/kg FW, and this is substantially below the recommended level of 2260 Bq 137Cs/kg FW (Allaye-Chan et al. 1990). Radiocesium transfer in an Alaskan lichen-reindeer-wolf (Canis lupus) food chain has been estimated. If reindeer forage contained 100 Bq/kg DW in lichens and 5 Bq/kg DW in vascular plants, the maximum winter concentrations — at an effective half-life of 8.2 years in lichens and 2.0 years in vascular plants — were estimated at 20 Bq/kg FW in reindeer-caribou skeletal muscle and 24 Bq/kg FW in wolf muscle (Holleman et al. 1990). 

Barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus grant ) porcupine herd March-November 1987 137Cs... 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus] muscle , 37Cs 1964-65 (following nuclear tests) vs. 1985-86 Max. 2500-2600 FW vs. 300 FW 7, 8... 

Herbivores Caribou, Rangifer tarandus Whole body BCF of 0.3 24... 

The accident at the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear reactor on April 26, 1986, contaminated much of the northern hemisphere, especially Europe, by releasing large amounts of radiocesium-137 and other radionuclides into the environment. In the immediate vicinity of Chernobyl at least 30 people died, more than 115,000 others were evacuated, and the consumption of locally produced milk and other foods was banned because of radiocontamination. The most sensitive local ecosystems were the soil fauna and pine forest communities. Elsewhere, fallout from Chernobyl measurably contaminated freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, including flesh and milk of domestic livestock. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves in Norway showed an increasing frequency of chromosomal aberrations that seemed to correlate with cesium-137 tissue concentrations tissue concentrations, in turn, were related to cesium-137 in lichens, an efficient absorber of airborne particles containing radiocesium and the main food source of reindeer during winter. A pattern similar to that of reindeer was documented in moose (Alces) in Scandinavia. 

Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennica northwest Russia 1986-90 Antlers Bone Teeth... 

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