Canis lupus

Caribou in northern Quebec contained up to 1129 Bq 137Cs/kg muscle FW in 1986/87, but only 10 to 15% of this amount originated from Chernobyl the remainder is attributed to fallout from earlier atmospheric nuclear tests (Crete et al. 1990). The maximum concentration of 137Cs in meat of caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) from the Alaskan Porcupine herd after the Chernobyl accident did not exceed 232 Bq/kg FW, and this is substantially below the recommended level of 2260 Bq 137Cs/kg FW (Allaye-Chan et al. 1990). Radiocesium transfer in an Alaskan lichen-reindeer-wolf (Canis lupus) food chain has been estimated. If reindeer forage contained 100 Bq/kg DW in lichens and 5 Bq/kg DW in vascular plants, the maximum winter concentrations — at an effective half-life of 8.2 years in lichens and 2.0 years in vascular plants — were estimated at 20 Bq/kg FW in reindeer-caribou skeletal muscle and 24 Bq/kg FW in wolf muscle (Holleman et al. 1990). 

Wolf Canis lupus Isopentyl sulfide and 3,5-dimethyl-2-octanone Urine Ray mer etal., 1984... 

Urine composition depends on testosterone, as in male mice (Schwende etal, 1986) and the wolf, Canis lupus (Raymer etal., 1986). In the wolf, these volatiles signal both sex and sexual maturity (Raymer eta/., 1986). Similarly, composition of female urine changes with the estrus cycle (Schwende etal., 1986). 

Urine marking by canids has received much attention. Wolves, Canis lupus, mark by raised-leg urination (RLU), squat urination (SQIJ), defecation, and scratching. In Minnesota s Superior National Forest, wolf packs maintain... 

Wolf Canis lupus Urine marks RLU Peters and Mech, 1975... 

Wolves, Canis lupus, detect prey from 300 (27m) yards or even up to 1.5 miles (2.5 km) downwind by direct scenting, i.e. smelling the air. They may also track initially, followed by direct scenting at close range (Mech, 1970). The same individual may be guided by different senses according to circumstances. For instance, a coyote. Cams latrans, uses mostly vision when finding a rabbit in an enclosed room, and olfaction is least important. Outdoors, however, olfaction becomes more important and the coyote approaches from downwind approximately 84% of the time. In addition, wind may interfere with the sounds of the prey outdoors (Bekoff and Wells, 1980). 

Sweden, 1988 wolf Canis lupus, muscle 2,3,7,8-TCDD 0.05 FW 27... 

Canis mosbachensis Soergel Canis lupus ssp. indet. 

Canis lupus ssp.—1 Leo cf. gombaszdgensis Kretzoi—2 Ursus (aff. deningeri Reichenau)—4 Cervus cf. elaphus L.—1 Megaloceros seu Alces—1 Capreolus capreolus major Regalia—1 Bison priscus (Bojanus)—15 Ovis ammon-polii group—3... 

Fig. 26. A characteristic example of statistical variation between species of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene a bivariate scatter plot of the length (vertical axis) and breadth (horizontal axis) of the third premolar of various wolf species. 1. Canis mosbachensis, Gombaszbg 2. Cam s lupus spelaeus, Hungary, Czechoslovakia 3. Canis lupus ssp., Uppony 4. C. lupus ssp., Lunel-Viel, France 5. C. lupus ssp., Heppenloch, FRG.

I include here the remains of the large Canis lupus L. brought to the surface in the 1951 excavations otherwise I collected the same species in that year as did Vertes. The data presented by Kretzoi are approximate only. To supplement the above I have revised the small-vole species of both collections that have not been destroyed by the hostilities of 1945 and 1956 the numbers indicate pooled values of the two collections and are therefore approximate only ... 

Hystrix vinogradovi Argyropulo—1 Arvicola terrestris (L.)—1 Canis lupus L.—2... 

Lemr s (N) Dicrostonyx (N) Canis mosbachensis Dicrostonyx (N) Lemmus IN) Canis lupus ssp. 

Wolf, gray, Canis lupus, 704,706 Wolverine, Gulo gulo, 707 Wombat... 

---