Types of Industrial Wastes

TABLE 3.1 List of Prescribed Substances and Major Substances Requiring Control-Environmental Protection (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations 

Release to air prescribed substances Oxides of sulfur and other sulfur compounds Oxides of nitrogen and other nitrogen compounds Oxides of carbon 

Organic compounds and partial oxidation products Metals, metalloids, and their compounds 

Asbestos (suspended particulate matter and fibers), glass fibers, and mineral fibers Haitians and their compounds, phosphorus and its compounds, and particulate matter 

Release to water prescribed substances Mercury and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds All isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane All isomers of DDT Pentachlorophenol and its derivatives Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Aldrin Dieldrin Endrin 

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They are often produced from many types of industrial waste. This recycling relieves pressure on the environment, as these materials would otherwise have to be disposed of. 

It was demonstrated that power consumption for transport of the same quantity of bulk cargo placed in capsules is less than in case of slurry hydrotransport, especially, for coarse-grained material of density of coal and different types of industrial wastes. 

Another very important green chemistry solvent is supercritical water (SCW) [14], Water under supercritical conditions is an extremely powerful oxidizing and cleansing agent that has been proven remarkably promising as a soil decontaminant by efficiently degrading persistent organic toxic wastes that are difficult to eliminate from polluted soils, and in the treatment of several types of industrial wastes such as textile and cellulose wastewater [2],... 

In any mining operation, overburden materials and tailings are disposed in the waste dumps. Many construetion works necessitate excavation and removal of soil and sediment layers from a large area and dumping them to a nearby place. Clays are the major components of these waste dumps. Clays may also be present in some types of industrial wastes. Different components of the waste dump may have different impacts on the water, soil and air of the surrounding regions. The impacts of clays of the waste dump on the environment are given below. 

According to MOLTEN METAL Inc., the costs for the treatment of this kind of waste should be about half those of special wasteincineration, which is partially due to the recovery of relatively clean elements [4]. Although the two commercial plants already in operation in the USA are planned for use with other types of industrial waste, on-going discussions are being held in BUNA concerning the construction of a plant of this type for the recovery of chlorine or HCl from waste PVC as a feedstock for new PVC. 

Waste Treatment. Environmental concerns have increased the need to treat Hquid discharges from all types of industrial processes, as well as mnoffs where toxic substances appear as a result of leaks or following solubilization (see Wastes, industrial). One method of treatment consists of an ion-exchange system to remove the objectionable components only. Another involves complete or partial elimination of Hquid discharges by recycling streams within the plant. This method is unacceptable unless a cycHc increase in the impurities is eliminated by removing all constituents prior to recycling. 

Sources of Industrial Wastes Knowledge of the sources and types of sohd wastes, along with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of sohd wastes. 

Conventional Wastes Sources and types of industrial solid wastes generated by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) group classification are reported in Table 25-49. The expected specific wastes in the table are those that are most readily identifiable. 

Optimum operating conditions of the pyrolysis unit by joint solution of equations of teehnological and eeonomic analysis of the proeess. PMMA, one of the most popular types of plasties waste, was chosen as the example. Stages of teehnologieal analysis of industrial chemical processes are presented. 7 refs. Translation of Plast.Massy, No.6, 1995, p.37... 

A detailed discussion of the technical aspects of industrial-waste injection-well construction can be found in Warner and Lehr.6 U.S. EPA20 also presents a survey of well construction methods and materials used for 229 hazardous waste injection wells. Two types of injection well completions are used with hazardous waste injection wells ... 

U.S. EPA, Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities, Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces, 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart H, GPO, November 2008. Available at http //ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx c= ecfr Sid=8268e2678cl3ad85b7c08edcfld43927 rgn=div5 view=text node=40 26.0.1.1.1 idno=40 40 26.0.1.1.1.6. 

The low temperature/low pressure operating process developed by AEA (Dounray, Scotland), known as Silver bullet , which allows one to process a wide range of waste types and compositions, cf. Table 24, makes it an attractive alternative to incineration for the more toxic and troublesome types of industrial organic wastes. 

In Estonia the monitoring of effluents is based on chemical analysis. The list of controlled water quahty parameters depends on the type of industry. Bioassays are not used as a monitoring tool. However, according to HELCOM Recommendations No. 16/5, Requirement for discharging of waste water from the chemical industry, and No. 16/10, Reduction of discharges and emission from production of textiles, the toxicity effect of discharges into water bodies should be determined by (at least) two toxicity tests, which could be chosen out of the following four toxicity tests [203] ... 

It is the roughly 7 percent of solid wastes produced by industrial and energy-generation operations and the 3 percent produced by nonindustrial human activities that present the most serious environmental problems in the United States today. These fall into three large categories (1) pure volume of wastes, (2) hazardous wastes, and (3) radioactive wastes. Each type of solid waste poses its own set of problems and requires its own set of solutions. 

Samples of industrial metal-bearing sludges have been processed in our laboratory under various conditions to evaluate the CBI technology. These waste samples are identified as A, B, and C and their constituent hazardous elements are presented in Table 1. The sludges were acquired in small quantities from two California fabricators of metal products, and are representative of industrial wastes. Table 1 also identifies the type of metal fabrication process from which each of the sludges was generated. 

Full-scale waste water ozone treatment facilities may roughly be defined as systems with a ozone generation capacity of more than 0.5 kg per hour. They can be found in various applications in all branches of industry, treating almost all types of waste waters. The operating conditions used in waste water ozonation are dependent on the type of industry and the kind of waste water. They can be grouped according to ... 

Figure 24. Scheme of multilamp immersion-type photochemical installation for the photocatalyzed oxidative degradation of industrial waste water [12]. A Bypass circuit. B Reactor circuit. 1 Gas-liquid mixture and injection. 2 Reservoir. 3 Pump (ceramics). 4 Water pump. 5 Heating circuit. 6 Cooling circuit, hv Medium pressure mercury lamps (Pyrex). T Thermometers. 

The results demonstrated a wide range of toxic effects and loadings for textile effluents (Tab. 13). Inter-effluent toxicity differences could be attributed to factors such as type of industrial process, degree of waste treatment, variability of effluent composition and dilution by process waters. Toxic loads from industries 9 and 10 indicate they contribute the greatest toxic load to the receiving waters therefore based on PEEP results the first priority would be to reduce the toxic loading from industries 9 and 10. 

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