Cooling circuit

The combustor is assembled of flanged, spool-shaped water-cooled metal components, each with its own water-cooling circuit and pressure shell. No ceramic linings are used. Gas pressure is contained by stainless steel outer shells and the internal surfaces subject to high heat fluxes are lined with low alloy water-cooled panels. 

Maintenance of isothermal conditions requires special care. Temperature differences should be minimised and heat-transfer coefficients and surface areas maximized. Electric heaters, steam jackets, or molten salt baths are often used for such purposes. Separate heating or cooling circuits and controls are used with inlet and oudet lines to minimize end effects. Pressure or thermal transients can result in longer Hved transients in the individual catalyst pellets, because concentration and temperature gradients within catalyst pores adjust slowly. 

Figure 1.18(d) Cross-sectional view of a large screen protected motor showing the cooling circuit (Cooling system ICOA1) (Courtesy NGEF Ltd)... 

A number to indicate the arrangement of the cooling circuit as in column I of Table 1.12. 

Each cooling circuit is then identified for the primary cooling medium by a letter A, H or W etc. which specifies the coolant as noted below ... 

Tube ventilation In this system cooling tubes which work as heat exchangers are welded between the core packet and the outer frame and are open only to the atmosphere. See to Figures 1.20 (a)-(c). One fan inside the stator, mounted on the rotor shaft, transfers the internal hot air through the tube walls which form the internal closed cooling circuit. A second fan mounted outside at the NDE blows out the internal hot air of the tubes to the atmosphere and replaces it with fresh cool air from the other side. This forms a separate external cooling circuit. 

Closed Air Circuit Water Cooled (CACW) The motor s interior hot air forms one part of the closed air circuit that is circulated by the motor s internal fans. A separate heat exchanger is mounted on top of the motor as the cooling water circuit. This forms the second cooling circuit. 

Figure 1.20(b) A typical cooling circuit type ICSAtAt... 

Interactions refers to any jobs, tasks, or operations carried out by people who could directly or indirectly cause the hazard to be released. Direct interactions with the plant might involve breaking open pipework, opening reactors, etc. Indirect interactions would include remote activation of valves from a control room, or the performance of maintenance on critical plant items. Errors that might occur during these interactions could allow the harm potential to be released. This could occur directly (for example, a worker could be overcome by a chlorine release if an incorrect valve line-up was made) or indirectly (for example, if a pump bearing in a critical cooling circuit was not lubricated, as in the example in Chapter 1). The procedure as described above... 

For food and drink, medical, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics production the microbiological quality of the water becomes paramount. Even in applications where biological quality is not directly important, uncontrolled growth can be a damaging nuisance. Warm-water systems and cooling circuits in particular are a potential hazard (e.g. from Legionella). Some water treatment or conditioning is commonly required. 

Some small cooling circuits have reversing refrigerant flow (i.e. cooling/ heat pump) and may work at reduced gas flow for capacity control. Under such conditions it may not be possible to maintain the minimum velocity to carry oil back to the compressor, and it will settle in the circuit. Arrangements must be made to increase or reverse the gas flow periodically to move this oil. 

Optimal cooling water temperatures and cooling water flows in upper and lower reactor cooling circuits... 

The secondary cooling circuit is isolated from the primary when there is no cooling load. 

Stripping of hazardous substances Mercury switches and other components containing particularly hazardous substances must be removed CFCs are recovered from the cooling circuit and PU foam with special equipment and appliances with varying degrees of automation ammonia is dissolved in water and separate disposal of waste oil (from compressors). 

Figure 2.22 [2.6] demonstrates the method of a cooling circuit with recirculated flow An injector pump operated with just evaporated LN2 aspirates the warmer N2 coming from the condenser and feeds the mixture back in the condenser. The desired condenser temperature can be controlled by a throttle valve. To achieve a uniform temperature distribution, the gas mixture is alternately fed to one or the other end of the condenser. No results of such a system are given. 

The LTSC effluent (stream 112) is utilized to superheat the steam required for the reformer and water gas shift reactions. The saturated steam sent to the superheater is supplied by the fuel cell water cooling circuit. The cooled stream (stream 113) is further cooled in a fuel gas contact... 

The secondary circuit uses water from any water distribution network or, when possible, from a centralized cooled-water system. The heat dissipated from the magnet and from the power supply into the primary cooling circuit is transferred to the secondary circuit by means of a high-performance counter-current heat exchanger. 

The required refrigerating equipment is divided into individual circuits as described above between the cooling circuits and the operating groups. It includes the connecting piping and valves such as liquid magnetic valves and thermostatic expansion valves (provide manufacturer information). 

An optimization of a typical seawa-ler/cooling circuit (Fig. 4A, B) consists of . 

Figure 24. Scheme of multilamp immersion-type photochemical installation for the photocatalyzed oxidative degradation of industrial waste water [12]. A Bypass circuit. B Reactor circuit. 1 Gas-liquid mixture and injection. 2 Reservoir. 3 Pump (ceramics). 4 Water pump. 5 Heating circuit. 6 Cooling circuit, hv Medium pressure mercury lamps (Pyrex). T Thermometers. 

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