Types of industrial

Owing to the large number of types of industrial lubricants, the number of constraints, and therefore the number of desired properties, is very large. The main industrial oils are summarized in Tables 6.4 and 6.5, the first giving the constraints common to all applications, and the second addressing the more specific requirements. A few essential properties appear from these tables ... 

Type J thermocouples (Table 11.58) are one of the most common types of industrial thermocouples because of the relatively high Seebeck coefficient and low cost. They are recommended for use in the temperature range from 0 to 760°C (but never above 760°C due to an abrupt magnetic transformation that can cause decalibration even when returned to lower temperatures). Use is permitted in vacuum and in oxidizing, reducing, or inert atmospheres, with the exception of sulfurous atmospheres above 500°C. For extended use above 500°C, heavy-gauge wires are recommended. They are not recommended for subzero temperatures. These thermocouples are subject to poor conformance characteristics because of impurities in the iron. 

Waste Treatment. Environmental concerns have increased the need to treat Hquid discharges from all types of industrial processes, as well as mnoffs where toxic substances appear as a result of leaks or following solubilization (see Wastes, industrial). One method of treatment consists of an ion-exchange system to remove the objectionable components only. Another involves complete or partial elimination of Hquid discharges by recycling streams within the plant. This method is unacceptable unless a cycHc increase in the impurities is eliminated by removing all constituents prior to recycling. 

Type of Industry Wastewater TOC or phenol, mg/L, or color index Average removal, % Carbon usage nkg/10 L... 

Industrial dryers may be broadly classified by heat-transfer method as being either direct or indirect heat. Dryers evolved from material handling equipment and thus most types of industrial dryers are specially suited for certain forms of material. Dryers are also classified as being batch or continuous. 

Fluid Tracing Systems Steam tracing is the most common type of industrial pipe tracing. In 1960, over 95 percent of industrial tracing systems were steam traced. By 1995, improvements in electric... 

It is emphasized that the delta L law does not apply when similar crystals are given preferential treatment based on size. It fails also when surface defects or dislocations significantly alter the growth rate of a crystal face. Nevertheless, it is a reasonably accurate generahzation for a surprising number of industrial cases. When it is, it is important because it simphfies the mathematical treatment in modeling real crystallizers and is useful in predicting crystal-size distribution in many types of industrial crystallization equipment. 

Conventional Wastes Sources and types of industrial solid wastes generated by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) group classification are reported in Table 25-49. The expected specific wastes in the table are those that are most readily identifiable. 

Suitable for all types of industrial needs and frequent operation. Their ability for quick interruption and fast building up of dielectric strength made them suitable for onerous duties and hiuh TRVs... 

Considering the diversity factor (Table 13.4) for such a plant to be 70%, or as the system may require, which can be determined by the type of industry and the process demand ... 

Assume the plant p.f. before the power factor correction to be 0.65. (We have provided in Table 23.8 the likely operating power factors for different types of industries, as a rough guide.) It this p.f. is to be improved to say, 0.95. then from Table 23.6,... 

Table 23.8 Likely operating power factors for different types of industries...

Steam traeing is the most eommon type of industrial pipe traeing. In 1960, over 95 pereent of industrial traeing systems were steam traeed. By 1995, improvements in eleetrie heating teehnology inereased the eleetrie share to 30 to 40 pereent, but steam traeing is still the most eommon system. Fluid systems other than steam are rather uneommon and aeeount for less than 5% of traeing systems. 

Occupational and environmental exposure to chemicals can take place both indoors and outdoors. Occupational exposure is caused by the chemicals that are used and produced indoors in industrial plants, whereas nonoccupa-tional (and occupational nonindustrial) indoor exposure is mainly caused by products. Toluene in printing plants and styrene in the reinforced plastic industry are typical examples of the two types of industrial occupational exposures. Products containing styrene polymers may release the styrene monomer into indoor air in the nonindustrial environment for a long time. Formaldehyde is another typical indoor pollutant. The source of formaldehyde is the resins used in the production process. During accidents, occupational and environmental exposures may occur simultaneously. Years ago, dioxin was formed as a byproduct of production of phenoxy acid herbicides. An explosion in a factory in... 

TABLE 11.4 Internal Heat Gains for Different Types of Industrial Manufacturing... 

As a set of minimum standards, ISO 9000 addresses the business community. It was intended for purchasers as a means for them to obtain products and services of consistent quality from their suppliers. In place of purchaser-specified general quality management requirements, ISO 9000 became the common requirement and hence eliminated the need for such requirements. As a consequence, it provides suppliers that meet its requirements with a demonstrable capability that others may not possess and hence such capability becomes a persuasive marketing tool that will increase market share. ISO 9000 was also intended for application to all types of industry and therefore did not contain requirements for any specific industry sector or type of products or services. Partially due to the scope of misinterpretation and the degree to which particular industries have common supplier requirements, certain industry sectors perceived the need for harmonizing such requirements in a form that added to those requirements in ISO 9000. 

Many different types of industrial erystallizer exist and the reader is referred to Mullin (2001) for a detailed deseription. The main features are summarized below. 

By definition, the plant engineering function is multidisciplinary. It routinely incorporates the disciplines of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and civil engineering. Other disciplines, such as chemical engineering for example, may also be needed, depending on the type of industry or service involved. 

Type of industrial usage and effect of loss of water supply to production ... 

Ion chromatography has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of ions in many diverse types of industrial and environmental samples. The technique has also been valuable for microelemental analysis, e.g. for the determination of sulphur, chlorine, bromine, phosphorus and iodine as heteroatoms in solid samples. Combustion in a Schoniger oxygen flask (Section 3.31 )is a widely used method of degrading such samples, the products of combustion being absorbed in solution as anionic or cationic forms, and the solution then directly injected into the ion chromatograph. 

Boiler water foaming and frothing is undesirable because it contributes to overheating, carryover, and loss of operational control. As a result, antifoam and defoamer products are commonly employed in BW treatment programs. The same active ingredients are also widely used in all types of industrial processes (industrial grades), as well as in cosmetic, food, potable water, and kosher applications (all agents typically are odorless, colorless, and tasteless). 

Several different types of industrial operation may be employed in order to obtain the desired contact between the three phases. They may be grouped into two main classes, depending upon the state of motion of the solid particles ... 

It is hardly possible to predict that a general theory will ever be evolved which will cover all possible types of industrial emulsions and foams. However, it seems that if the information described were gathered in a systematic fashion, the data could be classified in a logical order for different types of emulsions. Hence, cosmetic-type emulsions, salad dressing, and mayonnaise-type emulsions would each fall into its own individual category. The suggestion therefore is made that a repository of such information be made available to all who are interested. 

The principal types of industrial scale filter used are described briefly below. 

This is the simplest type of industrial crystallising equipment. Crystallisation is induced by cooling the mother liquor in tanks which may be agitated and equipped with cooling coils or jackets. Tank crystallisers are operated batchwise, and are generally used for small-scale production. 

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